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[German version] (Ὀδρῦσαι; Odrỹsai). Thracian tribe in the eastern part of the Rhodope Mountains and on the lower reaches of the Tonzus (modern Tundža) as far as Cabyle (Hdt. 4,92). At the beginning of the 5th cent. BC, a kingdom was founded by Teres with the O.'s help. (Thuc. 2,29,2f.). He expanded their settlement area in the north to the Ister [2], in the south to the river Agrianes (also called Erginus). His successors were his sons Spartacus (until about 440: Thuc. 2,101,5) and Sitalces, who e…

[German version] (Κοιλαλῆται; Koilalêtai, Lat. Coelaletae). Ethnonym referring to two different Thracian tribes: the ‘Greater Coelaletae’ below the  Haemus (Plin. HN 4,41) and the ‘Lesser Coelaletae’ below the  Rhodope; in AD 21 they fought together with the Odrysae and Dii against the Romans (Tac. Ann. 3,38f.). The Thracian strategia Koiletike was situated there (Ptol. 3,11,9). C. are found several times as soldiers on inscriptions of the 1st cent. AD (cf. CIL XVI 33 of AD 86). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography Chr. Danov, Die Thraker auf dem Ostbalkan ..…

[German version] (Γύλων; Gýlōn). Athenian, is said at the end of the 5th cent. BC to have been responsible for the northern Pontic  Nymphaeum that belonged to Athens being ‘Handed to the enemies’, for which he was given the death penalty (Aeschin. In Ctes. 171); probably his offence was less serious (Dem. Or. 28,3). G. was allocated by the Bosporanian rulers the town of Kepoi with its territory, from which he collected high taxes. He married a rich Scythian and returned to Athens with her. One of his daughters was the mother of  Demosthenes [2] (Traill, PAA 282005). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigh…

[German version] (Ἀψίνθιοι; Apsínthioi). Thracian tribe on the Thracian  Chersonesus, east of the Dolonci. It was against them that  Miltiades had a wall built from Cardia to Pactye (Hdt. 6,36 f.). After the conquest of Sestus by the Athenians in 478 BC, the A. took the Persian Oiobazos prisoner and sacrificed him to their god Pleistorus (Hdt. 9,119). The A. took their name from the River Apsinthus (=  Melas). The  Hieron oros was in Apsinthis.  Sestus von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

[German version] (Ἰσμαρίς; Ismáris). Lake near the Aegean coast between Maronea and the River Strymon (Hdt. 7,109) with a sanctuary of Maron (Str. 7, fr. 44), probably near modern Paguria. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

Kings of the Regnum Bosporanum with the name Tiberius Julius R. (for name variations see Rhascypolis). [German version] [1] R. (II.) King of the Regnum Bosporanum from AD 68/9 to AD 91/2 Son of Cotys [II 1] I., ruled from AD 68/9 to AD 91/2 (IOSPE 2,52; 355; 358); he minted gold stateres and pursued a policy which was more independent of Rome PIR2 I 512; [1. 14-17, 93-103]. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] [2] R. (III.) King of Bosporus and the surrounding peoples AD 210/1- AD 226/7 Son of Ti. Julius Sauromates II., ruled as 'king of Bosporus and the surroun…

[German version] (Καλλιπ(π)ίδαι; Kallip(p)ídai). Name of the inhabitants of the region neighbouring the emporium of Borysthenes on the modern Dnieper, characterized as Hellenoskýthai (Ἑλληνοσκύθαι, Hdt. 4,17; cf. Str. 12,3,21; Mela 2,7). They seem to be identical with the Graeco-Scythian population, referred to as Mixhéllēnes (Μιξέλληνες) in decree IOSPE 12 32, Z. 26f. The name alludes both to the Scythians as an equestrian people and to the derisive nickname of C. (‘unlucky fellow’). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography I. von Bredow, Der Begriff der Mixh…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Moesi, Moesia (Παυταλία; Pautalía). City in a fertile plain on the upper Strymon (Ptol. 3,11,12) between the River Bantčica and Hizarlak Hill, overbuilt by modern Kjustendil (in Bulgaria). Founded under Trajan (98-117 AD) over a settlement of the Thracian Danthaletae (traces from the early Hallstatt period onward, end of the 8th century BC), P. was an administrative, economic and cultural centre. Mining (iron, copper, lead, and sil…

[German version] (Κυνὸς σῆμὰ; Kynòs sêma, ‘dog grave’). Cape on Thracian Chersonesus south of Madytus near modern Kilit Bahır where the Hellespont is at its very narrowest, well known for the sea victory of the Attic fleet over the Peloponnesians in 411 BC (Thuc. 8,104-107; Diod. Sic. 13,40,6; cf. also regarding the name ‘dog grave’ Eur. Hec. 1270ff.; Ov. Met. 13,569). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

[German version] (Μαχάρης; Machárēs). Son of Mithridates VI; M. went over to the Roman side as early as 70 BC as amicus et socius (Plut. Lucullus 24). He sent Lucullus ( Licinius [I 26]) auxiliary troops and food at the siege of Sinope. In 65 he attempted to flee Mithridates from Panticapaeum to the Chersonesus [3], burnt the ships behind him in the harbour and committed suicide in view of the hopelessness of his situation (Memnon, FGrH 434 F 37f.; App. Mith. 102) or was murdered (Cass. Dio 36,50). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. F. Gaidukevič, Das Bosporanische Rei…

[German version] (Πελαγόνες/ Pelagónes, Πελαγονία/ Pelagonía). Inhabitants and region in northern Macedonia, the plateau between the south of modern Macedonia and northwestern Greece, surrounded by hilly country and mountain chains with an extent of c. 100 km north-south and c. 20 km east-west. Originally P. was taken to relate only to the region around modern Prilep on the middle reaches of the Erigon (Str. 7,7,8f. [1. 283]; Str. 7a,1,20; 38f.; 9,5,11.). There were only four simple ways of reaching P. Among those living in P. beside…

[German version] (Σαρμάται/ Sarmátai, Σαυρομάται/ Sauromátai; Lat. Sarmatae). Iranian nomadic tribes who include, among others, the Alani, Aorsi, Iazyges, Rhoxolani and Sirachi. They lived until the mid 3rd cent. BC east of the Tanais (modern Don), regarded as the border between Scythae (with map) and S. (Hdt. 4,21), in the steppes north of the Caucasus (τὰ τῶν Σαρματῶν πεδία/ tà tôn Sarmatôn pedía, Str. 11,2,15). The Syrmatae probably lived in the outermost western region (Steph. Byz., s.v. Συρμάται; in Ps.-Scyl. 68 already west of the Tanais). From the m…

[German version] (Νάπαρις; Náparis). Left-bank tributary of the Danube in Scythia (Hdt. 4,48); not identifiable. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

(Πεύκη; Peúkē). [German version] [1] Largest island in the delta of the Istrus [2] The largest island in the delta of the Istrus [2] (Danube) in Getae territory (Apoll. Rhod. 4,309-322; Str. 7,3,15; Amm. 22,8,43; according to Ps.-Scymn. in 785-789 P. was no smaller than Rhodes, but this must be a misunderstanding), probably modern Sfântu Gheorghe (to the north of P. [2]). In 335 BC Alexander [4] the Great tried in vain to defeat the Thraci and Triballi, who had fled on to P. (Str. 7,3,8; Arr. Anab. 1,2f.).…

[German version] (Σέρρειον ἄκρα/ Sérrheion ákra, Σέρρειον τεῖχος/ Sérrheion teîchos, Σέρριον/Sérrhion; Latin Serrheum). Cape (Str. 7a,1,48; App. B Civ. 4,101 f.) and castle on the north coast of the Aegean, in the west of the Plain of Doriscus (Hdt. 7,59) in the area settled by the Thracian Satrae, modern Makri west of modern Alexandroupolis. While occupied by the Delian League, the castle was captured in 346 BC by Philippus [4] II (Aeschin. Or. 3,82; Dem. Or. 6,64; 7,37…

[German version] (Βιζώνη; Bizṓnē). Ancient settlement on the terraces leading to the plateau of the Dobruža, Čirakman on the western Black Sea coast. Traces of settlement from the Aeneolithic; originally a Thracian settlement, but hardly an apoikia of Mesambria/Mesembria (Ps.-Scymn. 758f.). Probably a polis as early as the 4th cent. BC; epigraphical evidence for the chora from the early 2nd cent. BC (Inscriptiones Scythiae Minoris 1,15,26f.). B. was captured by Lucullus in 72/71 BC (Eutr. 6,10); soon after, it was destroyed by an earthquake (Plin. HN 4,44; Str. 7,6,1), leading to the division of its chora between Dionysopolis and Callatis (IGBulg 5, 5011). The town was later rebuilt (IGBulg 1, 6ff.; Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 4…

[German version] (Βορυσθένης; Borysthénēs). After the Ister, the largest river in the northern area of the Black Sea (Hdt. 4,53), the modern Dnieper. Debouches into the west of the Black Sea, into the same lagoon as does the Hypanis. The B. was navigable for 600 stades upstream (Str. 7,3,17). The Skythai georgoi settled on its fertile lower reaches. Antiquity had no clear idea as to its course in the hinterland (Hdt. 4,18; Str. 7,2,4; Procop. Goth. 4,5). It had the name Danapris or Danaper from the 4th cent. AD; the Huns called it by the Iranian…

[German version] (Ὄρβηλος/ Órbēlos). Mountain range in the border area between Thrace and Macedonia (Hdt. 5,16; Str. 7a,1,36; Arr. Anab. 1,1,5), generally equated with the modern Belasica in the northern part of Halkidiki. It was known for its Dionysus cult (Mela 2,17). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography T. Spiridonov, Istoričeskata geografija na trakijskite plemena, 1983, 24f., 118.

[German version] (Δέλκος; Délkos, Byzantine Δέρκος; Dérkos). Lake to the north of  Byzantium, today Derkoz Gölü/Turkey. According to Ath. 3,118b, the delkanós (δελκανός) was caught there, a fish that originated in the Délkōn (Δέλκων), which flowed into the D. In the Roman period an oppidum of the same name. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

[German version] (Ἰνινθίμαιος; Ininthímaios). Bosporan king, c. AD 234-239 of the dynasty of the Tiberii Iulii. Like his emblem, his name is also Sarmatian. Attested on coins and in inscriptions (including IOSPE 2, 334, 433). v…

[German version] (Σινδική/ Sindikḗ). Probably originally the combined territory of the peninsula and island group of Taman to the north of the Hypanis [1]/Bug (Ps.-Scyl. 72), named after the Sindi; later it was probably only the southern part of the peninsula that bore this name (Str. 11,2,10). S. was also settled by other tribes, e.g. by the Aspurgiani (Str. 11,2,11; 12,3,29). S. was an agriculturally significant region with a dense network of sett…

[German version] (Σάτραι; Sátrai). Thracian tribe on the northern coast of the Aigaion Pelagos (Aegaean) between Nestus and Strymon on the northeastern slopes of the Pangaeum, whose ore deposits they exploited (Hdt. 7,112; possibly also meant by  Σατροκένται/ Satrokéntai in Hecat. FGrH 1 F 181). The Edones are recorded as being there from 475 BC onwards (Hdt. 9,75). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography 1 J. N. Jurukova, Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli (Monetni sakrovista ot balgarskite zemi), 1992, 16 2 I. von Bredow, St…

[German version] (Ὑλαία; Hylaía). Forested area, east of the Borysthenes (Hdt. 4,17; 19; Ps.-Scymn. 844f.) between the Kinburn peninsula and Skadovska in the steppes of the lower Dniester, belonging to  Olbia. In the archaic and classical eras, it was significant for  Scythians and Greek colonists. The Scythian name for H. was Abika (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὑ.). H. played a large role in Scythian mythology (cf. Hdt. 4,9; 76). A large production and trade centre with docks, probably from the 6th/5th cents. BC, has been discovered (Jagorlyckoe poselenie). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissi…

(Γάληψος; Gálēpsos). [German version] [1] Settlement east of the estuary of the Strymon into the Aegean This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars Settlement east of the point where the Strymon flows into the Aegean, probably east of Orfani, at the mouth of a water-course between the Pangaeum and the Symvolon. G. was part of the settlement of the Peraea of Thasos. Archaeologically attested from the 7th cent. BC and attested in literature since Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 152). Scyl. 67 et al. call G. a …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Moesi, Moesia (Διονυσόπολις; Dionysópolis). Settlement on the western coast of the Black Sea, today Balčik/ Bulgaria. There is evidence of settlement dating from Neolithic times. Nothing is known about the founding of the ancient city. On the basis of Ionic elements in inscriptions and the six indirectly identified Miletian phyles (IGBulg 1,15 ter), it is assumed that D. was probably founded by the Miletians in the 7th cent. BC. According to Ps.-Scymn. 75ff., D. was previously known as Krounoí; but accordi…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Persian Wars (Δορίσκος; Dorískos, Doriscum). Settlement in the west of the Hebrus estuary (modern Evros) in the plain of the same name (Hdt. 7,59). In 512 BC it was laid out by Darius I as the starting point of his campaign against the Greeks and as a provisions storehouse, and it was also used in this way by Xerxes (Hdt. 7,25, 108; inspection of troops by Xerxes: 7,59f.; Plin. HN 4,43). The commander of the Pers…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Colonization | Patricius | Patricius (Θεοδοσία/ Theodosía…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia (Δεβελτός; Debeltós). Settlement c. 25 km west of  Burgas, modern Debelt/Bulgaria. Traces from the late Bronze Age, and afterwards Thracian Hallstatt settlement that later flourished because of its trade with the Greek colonies of the Black Sea. D. was connected with the sea via Lake Mandra which in antiquity stretched further south than it does today. Attic goods of the …

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(Τύλη; Týlē). [German version] [1] City in Thrace Capital of the Celtic kingdom in Thrace (Thraci, Thracia), founded under Comontorius in 278 BC, abandoned in 212 BC after the Thracians' victory over the Celtic king Cavarus (Pol. 4,46). On the basis of Steph. Byz. s.v. Τύλις, T. is generally localized near Haemus, in the region around modern Tulovo (district of Kazanlăk in Bulgaria). A textual variant in Steph. Byz. loc.cit., however, suggests a location in the Late Antiquity province of Haemimontus in southeastern Thrace, where the fortress Τουλεοῦς/ …

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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Perserkriege (Δορίσκος, Doriscum). Ortschaft im Westen der Hebros-Mündung (h. Evros) in der gleichnamigen Ebene (Hdt. 7,59). 512 v.Chr. von Dareios I. als Ausgangspunkt seines Feldzugs gegen die Griechen und als Proviantspeicher angelegt und so auch von Xerxes genutzt (H…

[English version] (Βεργούλη). Lüle-Burgas am Erghene, thrak. Siedlung und wichtige statio…

[English version] (Γέται, die Geten). Griech. Bezeichnung der thrak. Stämme südl. der unteren Donau in der h. Dobrudža und im Hinterland der nordwest-griech. Kolonien an der Schwarzmeerküste. Ihr Gebiet zeigt Siedlungsspuren seit der Steinzeit und war Zentrum entwickelter Kulturen seit der Kupfersteinzeit (vgl. Varna, Durankulag). Aufgrund der Schriftquellen und der im Onomastikon belegten Sprachreste sind die G. als nördl. Zweig der…

[English version] (Μελαντιάς, Melantiana). Nicht lokalisierte, letzte Station vor Konstantinopolis (150 Stadien davon entfernt) an der Via Egnatia , an der Mündung des Athyras in die Propontis (Agathias 5,14,20; Itin. Anton. 138; 230). Kaiser Valens besaß hier eine villa, in der er sich 378 n.Chr. mehrere Tage vor der Schlacht bei Adrianopolis aufhielt (Amm. 31,11,1; 12,1). Im J. 558 n.Chr. wurde M. von den hunnischen Kutriguroi angegriffen (Agathias 5,13). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)

[English version] Ti. Iulius E., König des Regnum Bosporanum, von 154/5-ca. 174 n.Chr., Nachfolger des Rhoimetalkes. Münzen bis 170. Röm. Vasall, von den Römern finanziell unterstützt (Lukian. Alex. 57). Als erster bosporanischer König hatte er ein sarmatisches Zeichen als Emblem. Die meisten Inschriften stammen aus Pantikapaion, wo sich wohl seine Residenz befand (IOSPE 2, 422, 438 u.a.). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V.F. Gaidukevič, Das Bosporanische Reich, 1971, 348 Anm. 42; 351.

(Οὖννοι, Χοῦννοι), die Hunnen. [English version] A. Geschichte Nomadenvolk, Ursprung umstritten. Höchstwahrscheinlich kamen sie kurz nach der Zeitwende aus Zentralasien. Als Χοῦννοι ( Chúnnoi) zuerst bei Ptol. 3,5,25 zw. Bastarnae und Roxolani gen. (weitere spätere Lokalisierungen bei Amm. 2,1; Iord. Get. 36f.). Einige der hunn. Stämme zogen ins Kaukasosgebiet; aus dem osthunn. Zweig gingen mehrere Staaten hervor (Hephthalitai, Avaren, Chazaren und Protobulgaren). Um 376 n.Chr. überquerten hunn. Stämme die Wolga, besi…

[English version] (Βρύγες, Βρῦγαι, Βρύγοι, Βρίγες). Thrakischer Stamm in Westmakedonien. Fügte 492/91 v.Chr. dem Perserheer unter Mardonios großen Schaden zu (Hdt. 6,45), stellte Xerxes Truppen für seine Infanterie (Hdt. 7,185). Oft irrtümlich mit den Phryges gleichgesetzt. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography Chr. Danov, Altthrakien, 1976, 271ff.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Attischer Seebund | Kolonisation | Moesi, Moesia | Naturkatastrophen | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Pergamon | Perserkriege | Xenophon | Straßen | Straßen (Πέρινθος). Von Samos 602 v.Chr. auf einer Halbinsel angelegte Hafenstadt an der thrakischen Küste der Propontis (Ps.-Skymn. 713-715; Strab. 7a,1,56; Diod. 16,76; Plin. nat. 4,47; Kolonisation IV.), wo später die Via Egnatia auf die Küstenstraße treffen sollte, h. Marmara Ereğlisi. Der ON ist vorgriech. Urspr. (vgl. die Endung -inthos…

[English version] (Πακτύη). Festung an der propontischen Küste der Chersonesos [1], südl. vom h. Bolayır Iskelesi (Ps.-Skyl. 67; Strab. 7a,1,52; 54; 56). Hier befand sich das Ostende der von Miltiades [1] über die Chersonesos [1] nach Kardia gezogenen Mauer (Hdt. 6,36; Skymn. 711). Alkibiades [3] zog sich nach Verlust seines Strategenamtes 407 v.Chr. hierher zurück (Nep. Alkibiades 7,4; Diod. 13,74,2). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography Müller 2, 895f.  B. Isaak, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Conquest, 1988.

[English version] (Ἀγάθυρσοι). Skythischer oder nordthrak. Stamm am Oberlauf des Mureş, nordöstl. der Neuroi (Hdt. 4,48; 4,100; 102). Zu den skythisch-agathyrsischen Beziehungen Hdt. 4,78: Spargapeithes, ein König von A.; 4,119; 125). Wegen der Bed. der Dakoi um die Zeitwende selten erwähnt (Ptol. 3,5,10). Zum myth. Eponym Ἀγάθυρσος in der griech. Version des skythischen Herkunftsmythos Hdt. 4,10. Spätere Erwähnungen sind stark von Herodot abhängig (FGrH Ephoros 70 fr. 158; Verg. Aen. 4,146; Amm. …

[English version] (Βιζώνη). Antike Siedlung auf den zum Hochplateau der Dobruža führenden Terrassen, Čirakman an der westl. Schwarzmeerküste. Siedlungsspuren seit dem Äneolithikum; urspr. thrak. Siedlung, wohl kaum Apoikie von Mesambria (Ps.-Skymn. 758f.). Wohl schon im 4.Jh. v.Chr. pólis; für das angehende 2.Jh. v.Chr. ist die chṓra inschr. bezeugt (Inscriptiones Scythiae Minoris 1,15,26f.). B. wurde 72/71 v.Chr. von Lucullus erobert (Eutr. 6,10); bald danach von Erdbeben vernichtet (Plin. nat. 4,44; Strab. 7,6,1), weshalb ihre chṓra zw. Dionysopolis und Kallatis au…

[English version] [1] Nicht identifizierbarer Fluß östl. der Maiotis Nicht identifizierbarer Fluß östl. der Maiotis, drei Tagemärsche von Tanais entfernt (Tac. ann. 12,16,2). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [English version] [2] s. Sondergötter s. Sondergötter

[English version] (Νιψαῖοι). Thrak. Stamm westl. von Mesambria wohl an den Osthängen des Strandža-Gebirges bis etwa Salmydessos. Beim Durchzug des Perserheeres unter Dareios [1] nach Norden gegen die Skythai 513 v.Chr. unterwarfen sich die N. kampflos (Hdt. 4,93). Evtl. identisch mit den Tranipsoi (Xen. an. 7,2,32; Hesych. s.v. Τρανιψοί). E. des 5. Jh.v.Chr. fielen sie unter die Herrschaft der Odrysai, weswegen sie in späteren Quellen nicht mehr genannt werden. Der ON Νίψα/ Nípsa bei Steph. Byz. ist eine spätere Konstruktion. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliograph…

[English version] (Παντικάπης). Iranischer Name des Bosporos [2] (Ps.-Skymn. 850; Eust. ad Dion. Per. 311; Steph. Byz. s.v. Παντικάπαιον), der Pantikapaion den Namen gab; er bedeutet wohl “Fischstraße”. Mit dem Fluß P. bei Hdt. 4,18 ist die Meerenge selbst gemeint; hier spiegelt sich die Vorstellung wider, daß der Tanais südl. der Maiotis in den Pontos Euxeinos mündet (Arr. per. p. E. 29). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography E. Diehl, s.v. P., PE, 825f.  V.I. Abaev, Osetinskij jazyk i folklor, 1949, 170, 175.

[English version] (Μαῖδοι, Μαίδοι, M(a)edi). Thrak. Stammesverband am mittleren Lauf des Strymon, zw. Kresna und Rupel (h. Makedonien). Nach dem frühesten Beleg (Thuk. 2,98) Nachbarn der Sintoi und Paiones. 429 v.Chr. zog Sitalkes durch ihr Gebiet, das nicht zum Reich der Odrysai gehörte, gegen die Makedones. Nach dem Rückzug des Sitalkes erweiterten die M. ihr Stammesgebiet nach Norden, unterwarfen wahrscheinlich die Dentheletai und gründeten die befestigte Stadt Iamphorynna (im h. Kreis Kjustendil…

[English version] (Ἀλανοί). Iran. Stammesverband nördl. der Kaspia Thalatta, vom Kaukasos bis zum Tanais. A. erscheinen seit dem Ende der röm. Republik in den Quellen an Stelle der sarmatischen Stämme. Pompeius stieß beim Feldzug gegen Mithradates VI. auf A. (Lucan. 8,133). Seit Ende des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. Einfälle in Media und Armenia; unter Hadrianus (117-138 n. Chr.) bedrohten sie Kappadokia. Zu ihrer Kultur Lukian. toxotai 51; Amm. 30,2,3; Iord. Get. 24. Ende des 3. Jhs. n. Chr. im Zuge der erste…