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[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology I. Philosophy An object (Ger. Gegenstand) is anything to which a predicate can be applied, or to which identificatory reference can be made by way of a proper name, designation, or deictic expression, hence anything with regard to which statements can be made and judgments can be passed. (“Individual,” “entity,” or “object” [Ger. Objekt] are frequently emp…

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[German Version] Picking up on G. Frege's distinction …

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Fundamental Theology – III. Dogmatics – IV. Ethics I. Philosophy Certainty may be either objective or subjective (Goclenius: certitudo rei cognitae or certitudo hominis cognoscentis). Objective certainty is expressed by “It is certain that p,” subjective certainty by “The epistemic subject S is certain that p.” Objective and subjective certainty are logically independent: one can be certain that p although it is not certain that p; and it can be certain th…

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology – IV. Ethics – V. Practical Theology I. Philosophy To speak of the meaning of a linguistic utterance is ambiguous from a systematic point of view. The various ¶ semantic concepts correspond to various levels of understanding (comprehension of meaning). The first three levels belong to the field of semantics: (1) If the spoken sentence P is free of lexical and grammatical ambiguities in the language of the speaker, then the interpreter understands the utterance at least in one respect if he or she knows which linguistic (lexical and grammatical) meaning the sentence P is meant to have. (2) If P is ambiguous, the utterance is only understood when the current linguistic mea…

[German Version] I. Linguistics and Literary Studies The problem of the meaning and significance of expressions, linguistic signs, and words has arisen explicitly every time the topic of language has been addressed, at least since the time of Socra…

[German Version] Its “greatgrandfather” was B. Bolzano, its “grandfather” G. Frege, and its “fathers” G.E. Moore, B. Russell, and L. Wittgenstein: such is the lineage of one of the most influential philosophical movements of the 20th century. In its first phase, analytic philosophy can be described (to use Russell's expression) as analytic realism. In his Wissenschaftslehre (1837), …

[German Version] (Nov 8, 1848, Wismar – Jul 26, 1925, Bad Kleinen), gained his Habilitation in mathematics at Jena in 1874 where he became assistant professor in 1879, honorary professor in 1896 and emeritus in 1918. Frege's Begriffschrift (1879; ET: “Concept Script,” in: J. van Heijenoort, ed., From Frege to Gödel, 1967) opened a new epoch in the history of logic and replaced as the paradigm the Analytica priora of Aristotle. In his Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884; ET: The Foundations of Arithmetic, 1974), Frege argued for the thesis that the fundamental concepts of arithme…