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[English Version] . Laut den Ausgrabungen durch Pritchard 1964–1967 und seit 1985 durch Tubb war die im zentralen Jordantal gelegene Ortslage spätestens seit der FB-Zeit besiedelt, erlebte in der ausgehenden SB-Zeit und der frühen E-Zeit eine urbane Blüte, wahrscheinlich als Sitz eines äg. Gouverneurs. Das einzigartige Wassersystem bestand aus einer überdachten Treppe, die zu einer Quelle extra muros führte. Nach einer Besiedlungslücke lebte die Stadt als Teil des Kleinstaates Israel wieder auf, b…

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[English Version] (im Ostjordanland) im Wādī ṣ-Ṣīr ca.25 km westlich von ʿAmmān ist mit ʿIrāq el-Emīr (Sourabitta und Tauros) identisch. T. war im 3.Jh. v.Chr…

[English Version] liegt im zentralen Jordangraben, 5 km östlich des Jordan und 1,5 km nördlich des Jabbok, und war Kreuzungspunkt wichtiger Nord-Süd- und Ost-West-Verbindungen. Grabungen der Universität Leiden (Hendricus Jacobus Franken; Gerrit van der …

[German Version] (DEI; German Protestant Institute for the Study of the Holy Land in Antiquity). After, among others, the Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Pa…

[German Version] (Tell Deir ʿAllā) lies in the central Jordan rift, 5 km to the east of the Jordan River and 1.5 km north of the Jabbok, and was a junction of of important north-south and east-west routes. Excavations by the University of Leiden (Hendricus Jacobus Franken, Gerrit van der Kooij) and the University of …

[German Version] The toponym Rabbah or Rabbath Ammon, “the great (city) of Ammon” (Josh 13:25; 2 Sam 11:1; 12:26, 29; Ezek 25:5; etc.) is a shorter form for רַבַּתבְּנֵיעַמּוֹן/ rabbat bĕnêʿammôn (Deut 3:11; 2 Sam 12:26; etc.); it can be identified with the citadel and po…

[German Version] Madaba, an ancient town located approx. 30 km southwest of ʿAmman. Settled at the latest by Early Bronze Age I (with interruptions), Madaba was disputed between Israel and Moab in the mid-9th century …

[German Version] I. Geography – II. History – III. Religion I. Geography The name of the Ammonite tribe or people is derived from a legendary hero named Ammon. The name, used both by themselves and others, defines them as “the children of Ammon” (בְּנֵי עַמוֹן/ bnê ʿaammôn). Their capital city, Rabbath-Ammon, the citadel of today's ʿAmmān, lay on the central Transjordan plateau. Ammon shared a border to the south or south-west with …

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[German Version] (Tell es-Saʿīdīyeh). Pritchard’s excavations between 1964 and 1967 and Tubb’s since 1985 show that occupation of this site in the central Jordan valley began in the Early Bronze period at the latest; at the end of the Late Bronze period and in the early Iron Age it experienced an urban florescence, probably as the residence of an Egyptian governor. The unique water supply system consisted of a roofed staircase leading to a spring outside the walls. After an occupation gap, the cit…

[German Version] (German Society for the Study of Palestine; in short: Deutscher Palästina-Verein [DPV]), was founded in 1877 in Wiesbaden by Carl Ferdinand Zimmermann (Basel), Albert Socin (Tübingen), and E. Kautzsch ¶ (Basel). The goal and objective of the DPV is the scientific study of the history and culture of Palestine, especially its ancient past, by promoting and publishing archaeological, topographical, ethnological, philological-epigraphical-literary, history-of-religions, and natural studies. Since 1878, the DPV has published an annual journal ( Zeitschrift de…

[German Version] (east of the Jordan) in the Wādī ṣ-Ṣīr approx. 25 km west of ʿAmmān is identical with Tyros (Sourabitta and Tauros). In the 3rd century bce, Tyros was in the possession of a branch of the Jerusalemite Tobiads, who acted in Tyros as commanders of a semi-autonomous military colony in the service of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Following disputes with the Oniad family, the Tobiad Hyrcanus ben Joseph retreated to Tyros (2 Macc 3:11; Jos. …

[German Version] (Heb. גֶזֶר “separate area” [?]; in hieroglyphics Q٤̲r and in cuneiform Gazri, etc.), one of the largest ancient Near Eastern sites in Palestine, lies on the northwestern sands of the Shephalah near the intersection of the Via Maris and the Jaffa-Jerusalem road. It was first identified with Tell Ğazarī by Charles Clermont-Ganneau in 1871, and excavated by R.A. Stewart Macalister 1902–1909, Alan Rowe 1934 and by G.E.Wright, William G. Dever and Joe D. Seger 1964–1974, 1984 and 1990.…

[German Version] I. Archaeology – II. Art History I. Archaeology The term “crafts” refers to the production of objects and implements of all kinds – in other words, what are now usually called the “practical arts.” In the ancient Near East, there was no terminology for crafts, nor were there explicit theories concerning art. Sometimes mythology attributed crafts to culture heroes (Gen 4:22; 6; cf. Philo of Byblos) or some deity or patron like the later figures of Joseph, the …

[German Version] I. Antiquity – II. Early Church – III. Middle Ages to the Present I. Antiquity Devotional objects can be understood as objects of private piety and religiosity common in all ancient cultures (cf. Epict., Dissertationes II 8.12), where they were in demand, especially in daily life for magical/apotropaic or energetic/sacramental purposes, and were traded commercially (Philostr. Vita ap. 5.20). The term is modern, so there are no ancient equivalents; comparable Greco-Roman terms include, for example εὐλογία/ eulogía (blessing; Lat. benedictio), ϕυλακτήριον/ phylaktḗrion (means of protection, amulet), ϕάρμακον/ phármakon (charm or medication; Lat. medicamentum), and in the Hebrew Bible or Judaism, for example תְּרָפִים/ terāpîm (household idol; e.g. Gen 31:19, 34f.), mezuzah, and tefillin (cf. e.g. 4Q128–157). In this sense, ampullas, amulets, gems, figures, lamps, medallions, insignia, and …

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[English Version] I. Zum Begriff N. ist die Wiss. vom hist. Geld- und Münzwesen. Namensgebend ist die Münze (griech. n̆ο´μισμα, lat. nummus). Nach ersten Versuchen in der Renaissance etablierte sich die N. spätestens seit Johann Hilarius Eckhel (1737–1798) als moderne Wiss. und entwickelte ein eigenes methodisches Instrumentarium. Ulrich Hübner II. Bedeutung 1.  Für die Archäologie Als meist autorisierte offizielle Dokumente haben Münzen durch ihre epigraphischen und ikonographischen Informationen einen hohen hist. Quellenwert für die Kultur-, Rel…

[English Version] I. Kulturgeschichtlich Als grundlegendes kulturbildendes Phänomen und damit zugleich als Wesensmerkmal des Menschen hat der niederländische Kulturhistoriker Johan Huizinga das S. bestimmt. Seine These vom »homo ludens« tritt ergänzend neben die anthropologischen Theorien vom »homo sapiens« und »homo faber« und …

[German Version] I. Archaeology – II. Religious Studies – III. House Church (in Early Christianity) – IV. Sociology I. Archaeology Functionally, the house was a building which, in contrast to a palace, served as a private dwelling. While circular structures have been identified in prehistoric Palestine, from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age the broad-room type of house dominated, that is, a one-room and one-floor structure with a single entrance on the long side. In addition, there were sometimes apsidi…