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(Γηγενεῖς, ‘Earth Born ’). [German version] [1] Epithet of the Giants Epithet of the Aloads (Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,482),  Orion (Apollod. 1,25 Wagner), the Spartans (Eur. Bacch. 264), Argus [I 5] (Aesch. PV 567), and the  giants (Batr. 7; Soph. Trach. 1058f.; Eur. Phoen. 1131). As a noun = giants (Aristoph. Nub. 853; Lycoph. 1408; explained in Diod. Sic. 4,21,7). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Mythical people Mythical people living near Cyzicus, mentioned by Apoll. Rhod. (1,941-3; 989-91 with schola). Dei(l)ochus of Proconnesus called them ἐγχειρογάστορες ( Enche…

(Νεοπτόλεμος; Neoptólemos). [German version] [1] Son of Achilles and Deidamia The son of Achilles [1] and Deidamia, the daughter of king Lycomedes [1] of Scyros. Rare but explainable variants of the mother's name are Pyrrha (Heliodorus 3,2 = Anth. Pal. 9,485,8) and Iphigenia (Duris of Samos FGrH 76 F 88; on this FGrH 2 C 130). Homer only knows the name N., and Pyrrhus probably only becomes more common in the 4th cent. (first Theopompus FGrH 115 F 355) because of dynastic considerations of the Epirote king…

(Μέμνων; Mémnon). [German version] [1] Mythical King of the Ethiopians Mythical King of the Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Eos, brother of Emathion (Hes. Theog. 984-5). His entry into Troy as an ally of the Trojans after the death of Penthesilea, his successful single combat with Antilochus, his death at the hands of Achilles and the immortality conferred upon him by Zeus at the behest of Eos were, as the summary of Proclus (Chrestomathia 172) shows, depicted in the lost Cyclic epic Aithiopís . Hom. Od. 4,187-8 and Pind. P. 6,28-39 also refer to his single combat with Antiloc…

[German version] [1] Epithet of Athena (‘killer of Gorgo’). Epithet of Athena in Orph. H. 32,8 (but see  Gorgophone [1]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Epithet of Perseus Epithet of Perseus (Eur. fr. 985 Nauck; Nonnus, Dion. 18,305; 30,269; 31,12; 47,506; 47,536). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [3] Son of Electryon and Alcmene Son of  Electryon and Anaxo, Alcaeus' daughter, thus Perseus' grandson.  Alcmene is mentioned as his sister, his brothers' names are listed as Stratobates, Phylonomos, Celaeno, Amphimachus, Ly…

[German version] (Τήνερος; Tḗneros). Mythical seer ( Mántis : Pind.  Fr. 51d) in Thebes, son of Apollo and the ash-nymph Melia (Melia [1]; schol.  Lycoph. 1211), who gives birth to him in the Ismenion  (Pind. Fr. 52k), where his oracle also was (schol. Pind. Pyth. 11,5); brother of Ismenius (Paus. 9,10,6). Apollo bestows on him the gift of prophecy (schol.  Lycoph. 1211). The Tenerian Plain between Thebes and Lake Copais is named after T. (Str. 9,413; Paus. 9,26,1). Pindar's seventh p…

(Νίκη; Níkē). [German version] I. Mythology N. is the Greek personification of victory. As early as in Hesiod she is an abstract concept: Nike is the daughter of Styx and Pallas and the sister of similar personifications: Zelos (zeal), Kratos (power) and Bia (force) (Hes. Theog. 384-385). Zeus commands these powers forever (ibid. 388), since, on the advise of Styx, they supported him in the Gigantomachy (ibid. 389-403; Serv. Aen. 6,134). Nonnus outlined N.'s participation in the battle (Nonnus, Dion. …

[German version] (Μεμνονίδες/ Memnonídes; Lat. Memnoniae aves).The legend of the birds of Memnon is closely associated with the grave of Memnon [1] on the river Aisepus. According to Paus. 10,31,6 Polygnotus had portrayed Memnon wearing a robe painted with birds in the picture of Hades on the Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi. The extant versions probably date back to scholarly of Alexandrine poetry: according to Q. Smyrn. 2,642-655 it is the companions of Memnon who are turned into birds by Eos (simil…

[German version] (φαλλός/ phallós, Latin phallus; from a Proto-Indo-European root * bhel-, 'blow up', 'swell up'). As bearer of the beneficent power of procreation, the male member played an important role in religion and cult. Its connection with Dionysus is particularly close: Phallus processions can be found in the rural Dionysia (Aristoph. Ach. 241-276), where the phallus is personified as Phales, to whom the cultic song is addressed (Aristoph. Ach. 263; 276), and at the great Dionysia, where the membe…

[German version] (Ζεφυρίτις; Zephyrítis). Epithet of Arsinoe [II 3] II, the sister-wife of Ptolemaeus [3] II Philadelphus who was worshipped as Aphrodite Z. Her sanctuary, donated by the admiral of the fleet Callicrates [9] (Posidippus, Epigrammata 12 GA I. 3110-3119) was located on the cape of Zephyrion (from which the name Z. is derived) not far from Alexandria [1] (Str. 17,1,16; Posidippus, Epigrammata 13 GA 1, 3120-3125) according to Ath. 7,318d; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ζεφύριον), where she may have b…

(Ἵππη; Híppē). [German version] [1] Mistress of Theseus Mistress of  Theseus (Hes. fr. 147 M-W = Ath. 13,557a). Her identification with Hippolyte (= Antiope, according to Cleidemus FGrH 323 F 18 = Plut. Theseus 27,13a) is reasonable considering the identification of Antiope with Hippo (Callim. H. 3,239; 266); furthermore, the name H. appears in the form of Hippo (Clem. Al. Strom. 1,73,4-5 and [1st Prologue l. 21]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Daughter of the centaur Chiron and of Chariclo Daughter of the centaur  Chiron (Hyg. Poet. Astr. 2,18) and of Ch…

[German version] Roman goddess (from * sēi, 'sow (seed)': [1. 285]; from seges: Plin. HN 18,8; cf. Isid. Orig. 17,2,7). Linked to a triad in Aug. Civ. 4,8 (= Varro Antiquitates rerum divinarum fr. 166 Cardauns) in the context of a  polemical account of the multiplicity of Roman gods: Seia is stated to be responsible for the grain in the ground, S. for the same on the culm and Tutilina for it when harvested. The images ( simulacra) of these deities could be seen in circo (Plin. HN. 18,8), possibly referring to reliefs on columns (Tert. De spectaculis 8,3; cf. Macrob. Sat. 1,16,8…

(Γανύκτωρ; Ganýktōr). Person in the  competition between Homer and Hesiod; information on his role and genealogical position varies: [German version] [1] Son of king Amphidamas [5] of Chalcis The son of king Amphidamas [5] of Chalcis (Certamen l. 63), as such perhaps the judge in the poetic competition (Vita Hesiodi l. 10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of the Locrian Phegeus from Oenoë Son of the Locrian Phegeus of Oenoë, the brother of Amphiphanes. Together they killed Hesiod for seducing their sister Ctimene, who then gave birth to S…

(Ὄλυμπος/Ólympos). Geography: [1-13]. People: [14-15]. [German version] [1] Home of the ›Olympian‹ gods, highest mountain in Greece (Latin Olympus) (Latin Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) [German version] I. Geography The highest mountain in Greece, regarded as the home of the 'Olympian' gods (twelve (Olympian) gods). Its altitude, overlooking all of its surroundings, creates a powerful impression, as do its massive size and density and its dramatic ascent, especially at the east and west, which …

[German version] (θαλλοφορία/ thallophoría, 'carrying of branches'). At the Panathenaea the act, performed by selected old men (Xen. Symp. 4,17,4), of presenting branches; the term thallophoria is not recorded, but thallophóros ('branch carrier': Hsch. s. v.) and the verb thallophoreîn (Eust. in Hom. Od. 1157,24) are, and these both became proverbial (Aristoph. Vesp. 542 f. with schol.; Suet. perì blasphēmiôn 8,10) in with the meaning 'useful only for carrying branches'. To this extent the modern terminology [1. 278; 2. 1215] is motivated by analogous…

(Ὕλλος; Hýllos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Deianira Son of  Heracles and  Deianira; brother of Macaria. Ctesippus, Glenos and Oneites (Hes. fr. 25,19 M-W; Apollod. 2,165 Wagner) or Gleneus and Odites (Diod. Sic. 4,37,1) have been named as his brothers and Euaichme (Hes. fr. 251b M-W) as his daughter. Heracles asks him to burn his body on a pyre on Mount Oeta and to marry Iole (Soph. Trach. 1179-1258; (Ps.-)Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 1481-1491). After his father's death, he and the other Heraclid…

(Λάιος; Láios). [German version] [1] Mythical Theban king Mythical Theban king, son of Labdacus, grandson of Polydorus [1] and great-grandson of Cadmus [1] (Hdt. 5,59); his mother's name is not mentioned. He lives four generations before the Trojan War (his great-great-grandson Tisamenus is a minor when the war begins: Paus. 9,5,13). He loses his father when he is one year old (Apollod. 3,40); Lycus, the brother of L.'s great-grandfather on his mother's side, Nycteus (Paus. 9,5,5), becomes his guardi…

[German version] M. was an epithet for Vulcanus documented on an inscription (CIL XI 5741 from Sentinum) and in literature (amongst others Plaut. Epid. 34, Ov. Met. 2,5 and Sil. 4,668). Besides erroneous constructs (Serv. Aen. 8,724: quod mulcatus pedes; Donat. in Ter. Hec. 1,1,8: quod mutilatus; Don. in Ter. Ad. 1,2,10: a mulctando), classical derivations of the name originate mostly from the destructive power of fire, which is meant by the verb mulcere (as in Serv. Aen. 8,724; Macrob. Sat. 6,5,2; Donat. in Ter. Hec. 1,1,8). The derivation a molliendo scilicet ferro in Fest. 129 L. points …

[German version] ('Health'). In contrast to the generally positive connotations of salus , v. as a term for health is neutral and is hence given qualifying epithets ( bona: Lucr. 3,102; incommoda: Liv. 5,31,9; cf. esp. Manil. 3,140f.) or can, according to context, be biased in diametrically opposed ways (positive: Liv. 4,25,3; negative: 8,12,2). The wish for good health was common (Sen. Ep. 10,4; Petron. Sat. 61), but as early as the Roman Republic appears to have transcended a purely private nature (as in Livius [I 7] Drusus…

[German version] (Τηλεβόαι; Tēlebóai). Mythical people in the west of Acarnania, on Leucas (Str. 7,321 f.) and the adjoining islands (Plin. HN 4,53). Their eponymous progenitor Teleboas is considered a son of Poseidon and the father of Pterelaus (Anaximand. FGrH 9 F 1) or as the latter's son of Pterelaus and the brother of Taph(i)us (Herodorus FGrH 31 F 15). His descriptive name means 'far-calling' (Eust. Od. 1396,3-4) or derives in a strange etymology from T.'s campaign against Electryon to steal his 'oxen' ( bóas) 'far' ( tḗle) from his homeland (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,747), to …

[German version] Personification of quiet, the religious worship of which is documented exclusively by the mention of a sanctuary of  Q. ( fanum Quietis) on the via Labicana  (Liv. 4,41,8). The inscription Quies Augustorum can be found on coins of Diocletianus and Maximianus after their abdication in AD 305; however, it must be seen in connection with the relief they felt at their withdrawal from official duties, rather than as in fact reflecting religious practice. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Bibliography R. Vollkommer, s. v. Q., LIMC 7.1, 612; 7.2, 489.

(Καλυδών; Kalydṓn). [German version] [1] Eponymous of the Aetolian city of the same name The eponymous of the Aetolian city of the same name, C. [3], son of  Aetolus and  Pronoe, brother of Pleuron, husband of Aeolia and through her the father of Epicaste and Protogenea (Apollod. 1,58-59). A similar genealogically linked construct in Deimachus (FGrH 65 F 1 = schol. Hom. Il. 217-218 Erbse) where the succession Endymion-Aetolus-Pleuron-C. is found, also the names of the region and both of the largest cities. According to Steph. Byz. s.v., either Endymion or Aetolus is the father of C. C. is a…

[German version] (Πυανόψια; Pyanópsia). Attic festival in honour of Apollo, held on the 7th of the month Pyanopsiṓn (end of October). A thick pulse soup (Greek pýanos, ‘bean’ and hépsein, ‘to cook’, from which the festival's name is also derived) was cooked on the occasion, which was etiologically linked with Theseus' homecoming (Plut. Theseus 10; [2. 150-153]). A procession of boys hung the E iresiṓnē, olive branches bound with wool decoration and laden with first-fruit offerings, on the doors of houses and on the temple of Apollo (Schol. Aristoph. Equ. 72…

[German version] [1] The silurid The silurid ( silurus glanis), an (up to 3 metres long) freshwater fish. Aristot. Hist. an. 8(9),37,691 a20-b2 describes the care of the brood of the glánis, whose name was passed on to Thomas of Cantimpré ( glamanez monstrum [1] 6,26) and Albertus Magnus ( garcanez, animal. 24,35 [2]) via the Arabian-Latin translation of Michael Scotus as glanieuz without real knowledge of the animal. A connection to evil demons was ascribed to it, perhaps due to its supposed attacks on fishing nets [3. 1 § 458]. Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography 1 H. Boese (…

[German version] (Τόλμα/ Tólma, 'boldness, daring'). Notes on the ancient concept of T. as a deity, although scanty and late, are unquestionable [1. 1681]: Schol. Aesch. PV 12c Harington mentions an (unidentified) sanctuary to T. and Anaideia in Athens; in App. Lib. 21 Scipio (Cornelius [I 71]) prays to T. and Phobos; Anth. Pal. 9,29,1-4 (Antiphilus [3] of Byzantium) addresses T. as the fateful inventor of sea travel (ambivalent: Anth. Pal. 7,529,1). Claudianus [2] presents the corresponding Latin …

[German version] [1] Roman goddess and personification of victory Roman goddess and personification of victory, etymologically derived from vincere, "to be victorious" [5. 2501]. In contrast to Nike, her Greek counterpart whom she followed closely in her personification and iconography (as winged goddess, often with cornucopia, wreath and palm leaf: [4. 239-269]), V. was worshipped early and independently in her cult as the symbol of victory achieved (mostly militarily, therefore the close connection to Mars, according to CIL III 4412; VII 220; V. in the pompa circensis: Cic. A…

[German version] (Ζηνοποσειδών/ Zēnoposeidṓn). Ζηνο-/ Zēno- is the Doric form of Zeus, Z. is the interpretating Greek translation of Zeus Osogo(a) worshipped in the Carian city of Mylasa [2. nos. 319-327, 361-376; 4. 109-117] who, according to depictions on coins [3. vol. 2, 576-582], exhibited attributes and traits of Zeus (eagle, double axe) and Poseidon (crab, trident) [4. 117-126]; this is documented in the double name (with a humorous anecdote in Machon fr. 8 GA = Ath. 8,337c). The sanctuary which can be located close to (Ath. loc.cit.) or inside (Str. 14,2,23) the city (f…

[German version] (Ταράξιππος/ taráxippos, 'confuser of horses', from híppos and the aorist stem of taráttein). The monument in the form of a round altar, which was associated with T. (v.i.), stood on the (long) eastern side of the Hippodrome in Olympia, near the nýssa (turning post); the horses often shied there, which may have been due to preparing to round the turning post, but was explained by divine action. Paus. 6,20,15-18 offers several identifications for T. and his monument and himself considers an altar to Poseidon Hippios likel…

(Γελωνός; Gelōnós). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and the snake maiden Echidna Son of Hercules and the snake maiden  Echidna, brother of Agathyrsus and of  Scythes, eponym of the Graeco-Scythian Geloni (Hdt. 4,10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] City of the Butini City of the Budini, mentioned only by Hdt. 4,108, according to the context of the highly contested passage, north of the Melanchlaeni on the upper Donec. Herodotus describes a city built of wood with Greek architecture and a Greek life-style. The inhabit…

[German version] (Πρωτεσίλαος/ Prōtesílaos, Latin Protesilaus; approx. 'First Among the People', cf. Hom. Il. 2,702; [2. 938]; mythological interpretation of the name from his death before Troy in Eust. Hom. Il. 2,700 p. 325; in Hdt. 9,116 Πρωτεσίλεως). Son of Iphicles (Hom. Il. 2,704-707) or Actor (Hes. fr. 199,6 M.-W.); Astyoche (Eust. Il. 2,698 p. 323) and Diomedea (Hyg. Fab. 103) are named as his mother. Like his brother Podarces [1] (Hom. ibid.), he courted Helen (Helena I [1]) (Hes. fr. 199,5 M…

(Μύρμηξ; Mýrmēx). [German version] [1] Father of the eponymous heroine of the Attican deme of Melite According to Philochorus FGrH 328 F 27 and Hes. fr. 225 M.-W. (= Harpocr. 202,7 Dindorf) he was the father of the eponymous heroine of the Attican deme of Melite. The legend of the Athenians' futile war against the máchimoi mýrmēkes (‘embattled ants’; Eubulus, Glaucus PCG V fr. 20) who guarded the gold dust on Mt. Hymettus, is likewise set in Attica and probably related to this myth. It became proverbial (Pl. Plt. 450b; Harpocr. 308,6 Dindorf). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2]…

(Ἱππόνοος; Hippónoos). [German version] [1] Name of Bellerophontes According to schol. Hom. Il. 6,155 Dindorf, the old name of  Bellerophontes; schol. Hom. Il. 6,155 Erbse offers the name of Leophontes (Λεωφόντης). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of Adrastus Son of Adrastus [1] who deliberately threw himself on the pyre with him (Hyg. Fab. 242). The same motif can be found in the story about Capaneus' and Evadne's fate. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [3] Father of Capaneus With Astynome, H. fathered  Capaneus (Apollod. 3,63 Wagner; Hyg. F…

[German version] (Προμήθεια/ Promḗtheia). Attic festival of unknown date in honour of Prometheus, at which there were torch races from his altar in the Academy through the Kerameikos to an unrecorded finish (Paus. 1,30,2; Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 135). A torch race modelled on that of the P. was introduced or reorganised at the Hephaistia (Hephaestus II) in 421/20 BC (IG I3 82,32-35). Each phyle entered a team and a gymnasiarch (Isaeus 7,36) for the music agon of the men's and boys' choirs (IG II2 1138; Ps.-Xen. Ath. Pol. 3,4); their performance costs are given as 12 minai (Lys. 21,3). Scherf, J…

(Γανύκτωρ). Gestalt aus dem Wettkampf Homers und Hesiods; seine Rolle und genealogische Einordnung werden verschieden angegeben: [English version] [1] Sohn des Königs Amphidamas von Chalkis Sohn des Königs Amphidamas [5] von Chalkis (Certamen Z. 63), als solcher vielleicht auch Schiedsrichter im Dichterwettstreit (Vita Hesiodi Z. 10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Sohn des Lokrers Phegeus aus Oinoë Sohn des Lokrers Phegeus aus Oinoë, Bruder des Amphiphanes. Mit diesem zusammen tötet er Hesiod wegen der Verführung ihrer Schwester Kti…

(Πύλος). [English version] [1] Das homerische P. Königreich des Nestor P. kann bei Homer sowohl Herrschaftsgebiet als auch -sitz des Nestor [1] bezeichnen [3. 119-126]. Die - wie konkret auch immer in der realen Top. verifizierbaren - geogr. Angaben bei Homer zum Ort des Palastes führen in Ilias und in Odyssee auf je unterschiedliche Lokalisierungen. In der Nestorerzählung, der sog. Nestorís im 11. B. der Ilias (vgl. [2. 296-298] zu Hom. Il. 11,670-762), weisen die Angaben klar auf eine Stätte südlich des Alpheios [1]. In der Odyssee hingegen legen die …

(Ὄλυμπος). Geographisch: [1-13], Personen: [14-15]. [English version] [1] Wohnung der ›olympischen‹ Götter, höchster Berg Griechenlands (lat. Olympus) (lat. Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) [English version] I. Geographisch Der als die Wohnung der “Olympischen” Götter (Zwölfgötter) geltende höchste Berg Griechenlands, der durch seine die gesamte Umgebung überragende Höhe, seine Masse und Geschlossenheit und den bes. nach Osten und Westen kaum durch Vorberge verdeckten mächtigen Anstieg einen g…

[English version] (μορίαι). In Athen die Bezeichnung für die der Athena heiligen Olivenbäume, über deren Erhaltung der Areopag ( áreios págos ) durch Aussendung von gnṓmones, speziellen Aufsehern, wachte (Lys. or. 7,25). Die m. und sogar ihr Stumpf, der durch eine Umfriedung ( sēkós) geschützt wurde, waren unverletzlich, was mit der hohen regenerativen Kraft des Olivenbaumes (vgl. Hdt. 8,55) zusammenhängen mag. Auch die Spartaner sollen sie nach schol. Soph. Oid. K. 701 bei der Verwüstung Attikas geschont haben. Vergehen gegen die m. wurden mit dem Tode bestraft (Aristot. At…

(“Frieden”). [1] Friede allgemein [English version] A. Definition Lat. p. (< idg.  pac, daher pac-s, pacisci > pango, vgl. griech. πήγνυμι/ pḗgnymi; zur Terminologie in der Ant. [6. 17-29]) meint ‘in erster Linie den Friedenszustand und nicht die Form, in der dieser gewährt wird’ [7. 46]. Obwohl röm. Quellen schon die Abwesenheit von Krieg ( bellum) p. nennen, ist p. erst das Resultat eines mittels Eroberung, deditio oder vertraglicher Vereinbarung (s.u. D.) beendeten konkreten Krieges [7. 49f.; 8. 51; 6. 155]. Attribute indizieren “…

[English version] (Πανδάρεος, -εως). Sohn des Merops [5], aus einer Stadt Milet (schol. V Hom. Od. 19,518), nach Paus. 10,30,2 dem kretischen Miletos [3]. Seine Abkunft von Hermes und Merope (schol. B Hom. Od. 19,518) gründet wohl auf dem Diebstahlmotiv: P. stiehlt den von Zeus als Wächter über seinen Kultbezirk in Kreta eingesetzten goldenen Hund und bringt ihn Tantalos zur Verwahrung; Zeus fordert durch Hermes den Hund zurück und läßt Tantalos, der dessen Besitz leugnet, vom Sipylosgebirge ersch…

(Λάιος). [English version] [1] myth. thebanischer König Mythischer thebanischer König, Sohn des Labdakos, Enkel des Polydoros und Urenkel des Kadmos (Hdt. 5,59); der Name seiner Mutter wird nicht genannt. Er lebt vier Generationen vor dem Troianischen Krieg (sein Ururenkel Tisamenos bei Ausbruch des Krieges minderjährig: Paus. 9,5,13). Im Alter von einem Jahr verliert er den Vater (Apollod. 3,40), die Vormundschaft übernimmt Lykos, der Bruder von L.' Urgroßvater mütterlicherseits, Nykteus (Paus. 9,5,5)…

(Μύρμηξ). [English version] [1] Vater der eponymen Heroine des att. Demos Melite Nach Philochoros FGrH 328 F 27 und Hes. fr. 225 M.-W. (= Harpokr. 202,7 Dindorf) Vater der eponymen Heroine des attischen Demos Melite. Hierher gehört wohl die ebenfalls in Attika lokalisierte Sage von dem vergeblichen Krieg der Athener gegen die am Hymettos Goldstaub hütenden máchimoi mýrmēkes (“wehrhaften Ameisen”; Eubulos, Glaukos PCG V fr. 20), der sprichwörtlich wurde (Plat. polit. 450b; Harpokr. 308,6 Dindorf). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] att. Mädchen Bei Serv. Aen. 4,4…

(Πανδίων). [English version] [1] att. König Mythischer attischer König und eponymer Heros der Phyle Pandionis [2] (mit 11 Demen [2. 370]), an 6. Stelle der auf Hellanikos [1] zurückgehenden Königsliste (FGrH 4, Komm. Bd. 1, p. 449), die später durch die Doppelungen des P. und des Kekrops, zuerst faßbar im Marmor Parium (FGrH 239 A 1-17), erweitert wurde. Hier nimmt P. I nun die 5., P. II die 8. Stelle ein. Urspr. dürfte die Liste wohl nur die Könige Kekrops, P., Erechtheus und Aigeus geboten haben, da nur sie als Könige auch gleichzeitig Phylenheroen waren. Es handelt sich also um eine, späte…

[English version] Tochter des vornehmen Sabiners Hersilius (Dion. Hal. ant. 3,1). Beim Raub der Sabinerinnen wird sie als einzige verheiratete Frau entführt (ein Reflex hiervon ist Cass. Dio 56,5,5: H. habe die Römerinnen tá gamiká, “was zur Ehe gehört”, gelehrt), bleibt mit ihrer ebenfalls entführten Tochter zusammen (Dion. Hal. ant. 2,45; Macr. Sat. 1,6,16) und heiratet in Rom nach manchen Quellen einen Hostilius und wird so Großmutter des Königs Tullus Hostilius (Dion. Hal. ant. 3,1; Plut. Romulus 18,29a); öfter findet man si…

(Λύκος). Mythologie und Religion: L. [1-9], Historische Personen: L. [10-13], Flüsse: L. [14-19]. [English version] [1] Sohn des Poseidon und der Pleiade Kelaino Sohn des Poseidon und der Pleiade Kelaino [1] (Ps.-Eratosth. katasterismoi 23), nur Apollod. 3,111 erwähnt seine Entrückung auf die Inseln der Seligen, vielleicht, um ihn von L. [6], mit dem er von Hyg. fab. 31, 76 und 157 trotz der Abstammung von Poseidon zusammengebracht wird, zu differenzieren. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Sohn des Prometheus und der Kelaino Sohn des Prometheus und der Kelaino…

(Καλυδών). [English version] [1] Heros der gleichnamigen Stadt Eponymer Heros der gleichnamigen aitolischen Stadt K. [3], Sohn des Aitolos und der Pronoe, Bruder des Pleuron, Gatte der Aiolia und von ihr Vater der Epikaste und der Protogeneia (Apollod. 1,58-59). Ein ähnliches, ebenfalls die Namen des Landes und der beiden größten Städte genealogisch verbindendes Konstrukt bei Deimachos (FGrH 65 F 1 = schol. Hom. Il. 217-218 Erbse), wo sich die Abfolge Endymion-Aitolos-Pleuron-K. findet. Steph. Byz. s.v. bietet als Vater des K. den Endymion oder den Aitolos. K. ist auch der Name …

[English version] (Πρωτεσίλαος, lat. Protesilaus; etwa “Erster im Volke”, vgl. Hom. Il. 2,702; [2. 938]; myth. Ausdeutung durch seinen Tod vor Troia bei Eust. Hom. Il. 2,700 p. 325; bei Hdt. 9,116 Πρωτεσίλεως). Sohn des Iphikles (Hom. Il. 2,704-707) oder des Aktor (Hes. fr. 199,6 M.-W.); als Mutter werden Astyoche (Eust. Il. 2,698 p. 323) oder Diomedeia (Hyg. fab. 103) genannt; wie sein Bruder Podarkes [1] (Hom. ebd.) Freier der Helene [1] (Hes. fr. 199,5 M.-W.). Anführer des Kontingents der Phthiot…

[English version] Bei Tac. Germ. 46,4 Name eines Fabelvolkes mit menschlichem Antlitz und tiergestaltigem Körper. Eine Etym., die auf einen Tiernamen zurückgeht, liegt somit nahe; vorgeschlagen wurde eine german. Entsprechung zu griech. ἐλλός, armen. eln, litau. élnis “Hirsch(kalb)” [1. 534-537]. Ob dieses Fabelvolk von skandinavischen Völkern oder eher von Seehunden mit ihrem menschenähnlichen Antlitz kündet, sei dahingestellt [1. 537]. Sicher nicht in Verbindung sind sie zu bringen mit den Helisii, einem Stammesteil der Lugier (Tac. Germ. 43,2). Scherf, Johannes (Tüb…

[English version] [1] Der Wels Der Wels (Silurus glanis), ein (bis zu 3 m langer) Süßwasserfisch. Aristot. hist. an. 8(9),37,691 a20-b2 beschreibt die Brutpflege des glánis, dessen Name über die arab.-lat. Übersetzung des Michael Scotus als glanieuz ohne wirkliche Kenntnis des Tieres an Thomas von Cantimpré ( glamanez monstrum [1] 6,26) und Albertus Magnus ( garcanez, animal. 24,35 [2]) weitergegeben wurde. Man schrieb ihm, vielleicht wegen seiner angeblichen Attacken auf Fischernetze, Verbindung zu bösen Dämonen zu [3. 1 § 458]. Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography…

[English version] (Προμήθεια). Att. Fest unbekannten Datums zu Ehren des Prometheus, an welchem Fackelläufe stattfanden, die von dessen Altar in der Akademie (Akademeia) über den Kerameikos zu einem uns nicht überlieferten Ziel führten (Paus. 1,30,2; Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 135). Nach dem Vorbild der P. wurde an den Hephaistia (Hephaistos II.) der Fackellauf 421/20 v. Chr. eingeführt oder neu geregelt (IG I3 82,32-35). Jede Phyle stellte eine Mannschaft und einen Gymnasiarchen (Isaios 7,36) für den musischen Agon der Männer- und Knabenchöre (IG II2 1138; Ps.-Xen. Ath. pol. 3,4…

[English version] [1] Beiname der Athena (“Gorgotöter/in”). Beiname der Athena in Orph. h. 32,8 (siehe jedoch Gorgophone [1]). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Beiname des Perseus Beiname des Perseus (Eur. fr. 985 Nauck; Nonn. Dion. 18,305; 30,269; 31,12; 47,506; 47,536). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [3] Sohn des Elektryon, Bruder der Alkmene Sohn des Elektryon und der Alkaiostochter Anaxo, somit Enkel des Perseus. Als seine Schwester wird Alkmene genannt, als seine Brüder Stratobates, Phylonomos, Kelainos, Amphim…

(Ἱππομένης). [English version] [1] Sieger des Wettlaufs mit Atalante Boioter aus Onchestos, Sohn des Megareus (Hyg. fab. 185) oder des Ares (schol. Theokr. 3,40) und einer Merope (Hyg. fab. 185). Vom Wettlauf des H. mit Atalante wußte schon Hesiod (fr. 74 M.-W.). Am ausführlichsten ist die Darstellung bei Ov. met. 10,560-707 [1]: Auf seine Bitte hin überläßt ihm Venus drei Äpfel, die Atalante während des Wettlaufs jeweils aufhebt und deshalb unterliegt. H. versäumt das Dankopfer; auf Veranlassung der Ven…