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VII. 1. Media Establishing a list of Median kings is hampered by grave difficulties, as the notion of Median kings simultaneously implies that of a Median kingdom. The historical existence of this kingdom is presented as a fact in the classical sources. Ever since the publication of the work of Herodotus [1], the history of the Near East was conceptualised as a sequence of World Empires, in which there was a direct succession from the Assyrian kingdom to the Median and the Median to the Persian. Ct…

VII. 1. Medien Eine Liste der Könige der Meder zu erstellen ist mit besonderen Schwierigkeiten verbunden: Die Vorstellung der Existenz von Mederkönigen impliziert auch jene eines medischen Königreichs. Dessen historische Evidenz gilt in den klass. antiken Quellen als Faktum. Seit dem Geschichtswerk Herodots (Herodotos [1]) wurde die Geschichte Vorderasiens als eine Sequenz von Weltreichen verstanden, in der die Königreiche der Assyrer, Meder und Perser unmittelbar aufeinander folgten. Ktesias von K…

Herzfeld is known as an archeologist, philologist, and polyhistor, one of the towering figures in ancient Near Eastern and Iranian studies during the first half of the 20th century. To him we owe many decisive contributions to Islamic, Sasanian, and Prehistoric archeology and history of Iran, Iraq, and Syria. He was the first professor for Near Eastern archeology in the world. A version of this article is available in printVolume XII, Fascicle 3, pp. 290-302 HERZFELD, ERNST EMIL (1879-1948), archeologist, philologist, and polyhistor, one of the towering figures in anci…

province in southern Persia. A version of this article is available in printVolume IX, Fascicle 3, 4, pp. 328-373FĀRS i. Geography Evolution of the geographical concept. The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the “land of horses” of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181-82, 184-86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Pa…