Search

(Pāzūkī), tribu établie, d’après M. A. Zakī ( Taʾrīk̲h̲, 370, 371) soit en Perse, soit en Turquie (en rapport avec la tribu des Suwayd). Elle se divise en deux sections: Ḵh̲ālid Beklū et S̲h̲eker Beklū, dont la plus importante est la première. Son habitat était à Ḵh̲nis, Malāzgerd et en partie Mūs̲h̲. La deuxième section dépendait de l’ amīr de Bidlīs. Le fondateur de la première section fut Ḥusayn ʿAlī Bek. Son descendant, Ḵh̲ālid b. S̲h̲ahsūwār Bek b. Ḥusayn ʿAlī B., compagnon d’armes de S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl, prit part à de nombreux combats, gagna la céléb…

, confédération comprenant, d’après C. J. Edmonds (220-222), cinq tribus: Mangūr, Māmis̲h̲ (j’ai entendu plutôt Māmas̲h̲), Pīrān, Sinn et Rāmk. Les Mangūr de montagne sont une importante tribu qui vit en Perse des deux côtés du Lāwēn (le cours supérieur du Petit Zāb en Perse). Les Mangūr de plaine vivent en ʿIrāḳ, où ils forment deux sections Mangūr Zūdī, et Mangūr-a-Ruta (les Mangūr nus). Les Mangūr de plaine reconnaissent l’autorité de la famille dominante de ceux de montagne, dont le chef nom…

Sous ce nom, chez Zambaur, figure une petite dynastie du Māzandarān que Rabino appelle les Kiyās de Čulāb (du nom d’un des huit bulūks d’Āmul) ou Čalāb, alors que Sachau les nomme les Kiyā Ḏj̲alāwī. L’éponyme de ce clan, Afrāsiyāb. b. Kiyā Ḥasan, se trouvait en qualité de sipahsālār au service de Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla Ḥasan Bāwand, son beau-frère [voir Bāwand]. Kiyā Afrāsiyāb complota avec sa sœur, qui avait une fille d’un premier mariage, et accusa le Bāwand d’avoir fait de cette fille sa maîtresse. Il obtint des ʿ ulamāʾ d’Āmul une fatwā ordonnant la mort du ¶ coupable. En même temps, la mise…

, Ruwāndīz, ville du Kurdistān irakien, chef-lieu d’un ḳaḍāʾ du liwāʾ d’Irbil. Vers 1940, elle comptait environ 7 000 habitants. Elle est située à 36°37ʹ delat. N. et 44  33ʹ de long. E., aune altitude d’environ 915 m, sur une route reliant Mawṣil et Irbil [ q. vv.] à Mahābād/Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ [ q. vv.] par le col de Garu S̲h̲inka (1830 m). La route n’est décrite au Moyen Age que par Yāḳūt, qui énumère sept étapes entre Mawṣil et Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ. Histoire. Rawāndīz, placée au carrefour des pistes qui servent aux communications à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur du Kurdistān, dut de …

, fils de S̲h̲āh Bender Ḵh̲ān, amīr de Donbolī. Il était connu sous le nom de Sulaymān Ḵh̲ān al-T̲h̲ānī. Lors de l’attaque de Sulṭān Murād contre l’Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān, il se distingua dans l’armée de S̲h̲āh Ṣafī. Il mourut en 1041/1631-32. (B. Nikitine) Bibliography M, A. Zakī, Mas̲h̲āhīr al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān, 144 le même, Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-duwal wa-l-imārāt al-Kurdiyya, 386, 387.

(Amīr), fils d’Amīr Rustam et, comme lui, chef de Donbolī. Fidèle allié des Ṣafawides, il prit part à la guerre entre S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp et Sulṭān Sulaymān al-Ḳānūnī en 945/1538. Il mourut en 985/1577, à l’âge de 90 ans, après avoir été 50 ans au pouvoir; son laḳab était Sulaymān Ḵh̲alīfa. (B. Nikitine)

, T̲h̲urayyā (1883-1938) et Ḏj̲alādat (1893-1951) fils d’Amīr Amīn ʿAlī, fils aîné de Badrk̲h̲ān (mort en 1868) prince de Bohtān (Ḏj̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar), de la famille des ʿAzīzān, qui lutta contre les Turcs pour l’indépendance du Kurdistan (1836-1845). Les deux frères nés à Maḳtala (Syrie) sont morts — le premier à Paris, le second, accidentellement, à Damas. Tous les deux consacrèrent leur vie à la cause nationale kurde: T̲h̲urayyā sur le plan de l’organisation et de la propagande politique, Ḏj̲alādat surtout dans le domaine culturel. Après avoir obtenu le diplôme d’ingénieur ag…

, Urmar, en turc moderne Oramar, district ( nahiye) situé à l’extrême Sud-est de la Turquie, juste au Nord de la frontière avec l’Irak et dans ¶ L’ilçe (département) actuel de Gawar (Yüksekova) dans l’ il ou province de Hakkari; son chef-lieu, qui porte le même nom, est à 37° 23′ de lat. N., 44° 04′ de long. E. et à 1450 m d’altitude. En 1955, l’agglomération d’Oramar elle-même était peuplée de 943 habitants, et les neuf villages constituant la nahiye, de 3 632 au total. Les limites d’Orāmār sont: au Nord: Is̲h̲tāzin et Gawar; au Sud: Rēkān; à l’Ouest: Ḏj̲ilū, Bāz, Tk̲h̲ūma…

(Amīr), nom de trois personnalités kurdes, selon M. A. Zakī ( Mas̲h̲āhīr, 144). 1. — Membre de la famille de Sulaymāniyya, amīr de la branche de Mayyāfāriḳīn, fils d’Alwand Bek b. S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad. Pendant longtemps, il fut avec Iskander Pas̲h̲a, wālī du Diyārbakr. Ensuite, il commanda quelque temps la forteresse al-Iskandariyya (entre al-Ḥilla et Bag̲h̲dād), après quoi, le sultan Yāwūz Salīm lui confia la place forte de Mayyāfāriḳīn. C’était un homme brave. Il périt dans un combat avec S̲h̲āhsuwār Bek. 2. — Fils d’Amīr Ḏj̲ams̲h̲īd, i…

, Res̲h̲t, ville de la province persane du Gīlān [ q.v.], dans les basses terres de la Caspienne, sur un bras du Safīd-Rūd [ q.v.] (37°18′ N., 49°38′ E.). Elle a été longtemps le centre commercial du ¶ Gīlān, mais son sort a suivi les fluctuations de la sériciculture et de la manufacture de la soie. Toutefois, la ville n’est pas citée par les anciens géographes musulmans, qui localisent l’industrie de la soie au Ṭabaristān [voir Māzandarān] à l’Est, et ce sont les Ḥudūd al-ʿālam qui donnent pour la première fois ce nom, mais comme district et non comme ville (trad. Minorsky, 13…

(Brādust), nom de deux districts kurdes. Le premier au Sud, entre Us̲h̲nū, Rāyat et Rawāndūz, dont le chef-lieu est Kāni Res̲h̲, hissé sur un piton à 1330 m. d’altitude. Il est limitrophe de Girdī (S̲h̲amdinān) au Nord, de S̲h̲irvān à l’Ouest et de Bilbās à l’Est. Le massif de Ḳandīl (C. J. Edmonds, 244, n.) en constitue l’ossature. Les sources du Petit Zāb (Lāven, puis Kalu sur le parcours persan) se trouvent dans cette région. La célèbre stèle urartéenne de Kel-i-S̲h̲īn y est située aussi, sur…

(Pādūsbānides), petite dynastie caspienne remarquable par sa durée (45/665 à 1006/1598) ainsi que par celle de ses princes dont certains ont régné 50 ans. Son pouvoir dans le Ṭabaristān (Māzandarān) s’étendait sur Rustamdār, Rūyān, Nūr et Kud̲j̲ūr. Ses origines sont rattachées à Gāwbārah, venu d’Arménie, du temps de Yazdad̲j̲ard III, qui le nomma gouverneur. Il eut deux fils, Dābūyah et Bādūsbān, établis respectivement au Gīlān et au Ṭabaristān, et dont le premier a été l’éponyme de la dynastie …

, secte s̲h̲īʿīte hétérodoxe, née en Perse, fin XIXe — début XXe s. Elle tient son nom de Ag̲h̲ā Muḥammad Kāzim Tunbākū-furūs̲h̲ d’Iṣfahān, connu comme Ṭāwūs al ʿurafāʾ, «le Paon des initiés ( ṣūfīs)» pour son magnifique vêtement; celui-ci rompit avec l’ordre ṣūfī Niʿmatullāhī [ q.v.] à la mort de Raḥmat ʿAlī S̲h̲āh S̲h̲īrāzī qui représentait l’ordre à Iṣfahān. Ṭāwūs, refusant de reconnaître le successeur de celui-ci dans cette ville, fut expulsé d’Iṣfahān en 1281/1864-5. Il se rendit à Téhéran, où il mourut en 1296/1876. Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mullā Sulṭān Gunābādī qui lui succéda comme ḳuṭb du g…

, Muḥammad Taḳī (1885-22 avril 1951), poète et homme politique iranien, né à Mas̲h̲had d’une famille originaire de Kās̲h̲ān. En 1904, à la mort de son père — le poète Ṣabūrī — Muẓaffar al-dīn S̲h̲āh lui conféra le laḳab paternel de Malik al-S̲h̲uʿarā-i Astāna-i Raḍawi-i Mas̲h̲had. Dès 1906, Bahār rejoignit le camp des libéraux ( aḥrār), et ses premières œuvres parurent dans al-Ḥabl al-matīn publié aux Indes (notamment sa fameuse ḳaṣīda adressée à Sir Edward Grey, critique amère de la politique anglaise); bientôt d’ailleurs (1909), il lança sa propre revue Naw Bahār, qui devint vite cé…

(Amīr), the name of three notable Kurdish figures, according to M. E. Zakī ( Mas̲h̲āhīr 144): I. A member of the Sulaymāniyya family, amīr of the Mayyāfariḳīn branch, son of Alwand Bey b. S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad. He was for a long period in the service of Iskandar Pas̲h̲a, the wālī of Diyārbakr. Subsequently, he was for a time in command of the fortress al-Iskandariyya (between al-Ḥilla and Bag̲h̲dād), and after that the sultan Yawuz Selīm entrusted to him the stronghold of Mayyāfāriḳīn. A man of great personal bravery, he peri…

, Ruwāndiz , a town of Kurdish ʿIrāḳ, the chef-lieu of a ḳaḍāʾ in the liwāʾ of Irbil. In ca. 1940 it had a population of 7,000. It lies in lat. 36° 37ʹ N. and long. 44° 33ʹ E. at an altitude of ca. 914 m/3,000 feet on a route which connects Mawṣil and Irbil [ q.vv.] via the Garū S̲h̲inka pass (1,830 m/6,000 feet) with Mahābād/Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ [ q.vv.]. The route was described in early Islamic times only by Yāḳūt, enumerating seven stages from Mawṣil to Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ. History. It will be evident that Rawāndiz, situated at the intersection of the communications of…

(Brādust), name of two Kurdish districts. The first in the south, between Us̲h̲nū, Rāyat and Rawāndūz, with Kāni Res̲h̲ as its chief town, perched on a crag, at an altitude of 4,372 feet. In the north it borders on Girdī (S̲h̲amdīnān), in the West on S̲h̲irwān and in the East on Bilbās. The massif of Ḳandīl (C. J. Edmonds, 244, n.) constitues the framework of the district. The sources of the Little Zab (Lāven, then Kalu in the Persian section) are situated in this region. The famous Urartu stele…

(the first word is composed of two elements: rawān of uncertain etymology and diz meaning fortress; the second means “fortress of iron”), capital of the ḳaḍāʾ of this name in the wilāyet of Mawṣil on the caravan route, halfway between this town and that of Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ [q. v.], including the following maḥalls (the names and figures given in brackets are those of the corresponding Kurd tribe and the number of the hearths: n. nomad; s. settled): Ḥalwān (Zerāri, s., 500); Ḥarīr (Helāni, n., 800; Māmsāl, n., 2,000; Māmsām, s., 500); Welās̲h̲ (Bālek…

, urmar , modem Turkish Oramar, a district ( nahiye ) of the extreme south-east of Turkey, just to the north of the frontier with ʿIrāḳ, and in the modern ilçe or district of Gawar (Yüksekova) in the il or province of Hakkari, with its chef-lieu of the same name (lat. 37°23′ N., long. 44°04′ E., altitude 1,450 m/4,756 ft.). In 1955 the settlement of Oramar itself had a population of 943, whilst the nine villages comprising the nahiye had a total population of 3,632. The boundaries of Orāmār are on the north Is̲h̲tāzin and Gawar; on the south Rēkān; on the west D̲j̲ilū, Bāz and T…

Res̲h̲t , a town of the Persian province of Gīlān [ q.v.], in the Caspian Sea lowlands and lying on a branch of the Safīd Rūd [ q.v.] in lat. 37° 18ʹ N. and 49° 38ʹ E. It has long been the commercial centre of Gīlān, with its fortunes fluctuating with the state of sericulture and silk manufacture. However, the town is not mentioned by the early Arabic geographers, who localise the silk industry in ¶ the province of Ṭabaristān to the east [see māzan darān ], and it is the Ḥudūd al-ʿālam which first gives the name, but as a district, not a town (tr. Minorsky, 137, §…

, a heterodox S̲h̲īʿite sect, called after a certain Ag̲h̲ā Muḥammad Kāẓim Tonbākūforūs̲h̲ of Ispahān, known as Ṭāʾūs al-ʿUrafāʾ, who broke off from the Niʿmatullāhī (cf. Browne, Hist. of Pers. Lit., iii., p. 463—473, on Saiyid Niʿmatullāh of Kermān, founder of this sect). After the death of Raḥmat ʿAlī S̲h̲āh S̲h̲īrāzī (successor to Mustaʿlī S̲h̲āh, author of the Bustān al-Siyaḥat), who represented the sect in Ispahān, Ṭāʾūs refused to recognise his successor Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ag̲h̲ā S̲h̲āh. Expelled in 1281 from Ispahan by the clergy he settled in Ṭeherān with the help of his murīd (Riḍā Ḳ…

, Urmar. The administrative geography of Turkey speaks sometimes of the ḳaḍā of Urāmār containing two nāḥiya, Ḏj̲iluler and Is̲h̲tāzin, with 32 townships and 25,910 inhabitants (cf. Cuinet, Turquie d’Asie, ii. 756), sometimes of a nāḥiya of this name forming part of the ḳaḍā of Gawar, in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḥaḳḳari, in the wilāyet of Wān [q. v.]. We incline rather to the second definition, having visited this district, lost in the middle of Central Kurdistān. Not only has Orāmār not the importance of a ḳaḍā but the two nāḥiya attributed to it are inhabited exclusively by Nestorians [q.…

1, known also under the Kurdish name of Nāw Člā (between mountains), ḳaḍā of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḥaḳḳāri, in the wilāyet of Wān, is one of the least explored regions of Central Kurdistān. Its boundaries are: — on the north, the ḳaḍā of Guiawar; on the south, Barādost and Barzān (maḥall of Rawāndīz); on the west, Oramār (nāḥiya of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Guiawar); on the east, the Persian districts, dependencies of Urmiya: Des̲h̲t, Merguiawar and Us̲h̲nū. Situated between 37° and 38° N. and 44° and 45° E. (Greenwic…

, first a district, then a town and lastly the capital of the province of Gīlān in Persia. As V. Barthold points out ( Gīlān po rukopisi Tumanskogo, in Bull, de l’Inst. Cauc. d’Hist. et d’Archéol., Tiflis 1927, vol. vi.), our ¶ information regarding the history and historical geography of Gīlān is so far very scanty. Le Strange’s remark that the position of the chief towns of Gīlān cannot be exactly given is still true. The Tumanski MS. (tenth century) is the earliest to inform us that before the foundation of towns their names were al…

The Christian community ( millet) which we know as Nestorians is at the present day better known under the name of ʿas̲h̲īrat or d̲j̲ilu. Down to the war of 1914 they lived in the central part of Kurdistān which lies between Mawṣil [see Mōṣul], Wān and Urmiya [see urmiya]. Their main nucleus was represented by the highland Nestorians, in practice independent, living in the inaccessible regions of the highlands on the middle course of the Great Zāb, Tiyāri, Tk̲h̲ūma, Tk̲h̲ub, Ḏj̲ilū, Dizz, Uri, Salabekan, Bāz, etc. Outside of this national centre the Nestorians are ¶ found scattered in en…

, t̲h̲urayyā (1883-1938) and ḏj̲alādāt (1893-1951), sons of Amīr Amīn ʿAlī, eldest son of Badr-khān (died 1868), Prince of Bohtān (Ḏj̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar) of the ʿAzīzān family, who fought against the Turks for the independence of Kurdistān (1836-1845). The two brothers, born at Maḳtala (Syria) died, the first in Paris and the second, as the result of an accident, in Damascus. Both devoted their lives to the Kurdish national cause, T̲h̲urayyā in the sphere of organisation and political propaganda and Ḏj̲alādat mainly in the cultural field. T̲h̲urayyā, after having obtained the Diplo…

, also called (by Rabino) the Kiyās of Čulāb or Čalāb (after one of the eight bulūks of Āmul, and (by Sachau), the Kiyā Ḏj̲alāwī, minor dynasty of Māzandarān. The eponym of the clan, Afrāsiyāb b. Kiyā Ḥasan, was a sipāh-sālār in the service of his brother-in-law, Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla Ḥasan Bāwand [see bāwand ]. Kiyā Afrāsiyāb conspired with his sister, who had a daughter from a previous marriage, accused the Bāwand of taking this girl as his mistress, and obtained from the ʿulamā of Āmul a fatwā authorizing the death of the culprit. At the same time, the Bāwand …

, a confederation consisting, according to C. J. Edmonds (220-222), of five tribes: Mangūr, Māmis̲h̲ (I have rather heard it pronounced Māmas̲h̲), Pīrān, Sinn and Rāmk. The Mangūr of the mountains are an important tribe who live in Persia on both sides of the Lāwēn (the upper reaches of the Little Zāb in Persia). The Mangūr of the plain live in Irak where they consist of two branches: Māngur Zūdī and Māngur-a-Ruta (the naked Mangūr). The Mangūr of the plain recognise the authority of the chief f…

, muḥ. taḳī (1885-22 April 1951), Persian poet and politician, born at Mas̲h̲had of a family originating from Kās̲h̲ān. In 1904, on the ¶ death of his father, the poet Ṣabūrī, Muẓaffar al-Dīn S̲h̲āh conferred upon him the laḳab borne by his father, Malik al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ-i Āstāna-i Raḍawi-i Mas̲h̲had . From 1906 Bahār joined the camp of the Liberals ( aḥrār ) and his first works appeared in al-Ḥabl al-Matīn , published in India; moreover he very soon started his own review Naw Bahār (1909), which quickly became famous, firstly at Mas̲h̲had and then in Tehra…

( amīr ), son of Amīr Rustam and, like him, chief of the Donbolī. A loyal ally of the Ṣafawids, he took part in the war between S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp and Sulṭān Sulaymān al-Ḳānūnī in 945/1538. He died in 985/1577, at the age of 90, after having been in power for 50 years. His laḳab was Sulaymān Ḵh̲alīfa. (B. Nikitine)

, a heterodox S̲h̲īʿī sect of the later 19th and early 20th centuries in Persia. It is named after a certain Ag̲h̲ā Muḥammad Kāẓim Tunbākū-furūs̲h̲ of Iṣfahān, known as Ṭāwūs al-ʿurafāʾ “Peacock of the (Ṣūfī) initiates” from his elegant dress, who broke away from the Niʿmat-Allāhiyya [ q.v.] Ṣūfī order. On the death of Raḥmat ʿAlī S̲h̲āh S̲h̲īrāzī, who represented the Niʿmat-Allārīs in Iṣfahan, Ṭāwūs refused to recognise his successor there, and, on his expulsion from Iṣfahān in 1281/1864-5, moved to Tehran, dying there in 1293/1876. He was succeeded as ḳuṭb of …

, (Pāzūkī), a tribe settled, according to M. A. Zakī ( Taʾrīk̲h̲ , 370-71) either in Persia or in Turkey (having relations with the tribe of Suwayd). The tribe was divided in two parts: Ḵh̲ālid Beklū and S̲h̲aker Beklū, of which the former was more important. Its places of habitation were Ḵh̲nis, Malāzgird and to some extent Mūs̲h̲. The latter was subject to the amīr of Bidlīs The founder of the Ḵh̲ālid Beklū was Ḥusayn ʿAlī Bek. His descendant, Ḵh̲ālid b. S̲h̲āhsuwār Bek b. Ḥusayn ʿAlī Bek, a fellow warrior of S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl, took part…

( pādusbānids ), minor Caspian dynasty, noteworthy for its longevity (45-1006/665-1599) as well as for that of its princes, some of whom reigned for 50 years. Its power in Ṭabaristān (Māzandarān) extended to Rustamdār, Rūyān, Nūr and Kud̲j̲ūr. Its origins are traced to Gāwbāra who came from Armenia in the time of Yazdigird III, who appointed him governor. He had two sons, Dābūya and Bādūsbān, established respectively in Gīlān and Ṭabaristān, the former being the eponymous anc…

, son of S̲h̲āh Bandar Ḵh̲ān, amīr of the Donbolī. He was known under the name of Sulaymān Ḵh̲ān al-T̲h̲ānī. At the time of Sulṭān Murād’s attack on Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, he distinguished himself in the army of S̲h̲āh Ṣafī. He died in 1041/1631-2. (B. Nikitine) Bibliography M. E. Zaki, Mas̲h̲āhir al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān, 144 Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-Duwal wa ’l-Imārat al-Kurdiyya, 386, 387.