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(1071-1109/1662-97), Ottoman Grand Vizier. He was born in Hoşalay (formerly Mesed, to the east of Kerempe Burnu) (Kastamonu), the son of a shipmaster. As a young man (reputedly beautiful, hence his surname Elmas “Diamond”), he was taken ¶ into the service of the state by a chief inspector of the Sultan’s treasury ( Bas̲h̲ Bāḳī Ḳulu ), Divrigili Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a, who was appointed governor of Tripoli in Syria in 1089/1677-8. From the service of the treasury, Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a Elmās was soon promoted to the palace service, to the Ḵh̲āṣṣ Oda [ q.v.] from where he made quick career as Riḳābdār , Si̊lāḥdā…

(orth. moderne: Kocaeli), nom d’une région située entre la mer Noire et la mer de Marmara et recouvrant une partie de l’ancienne Bithynie avec pour centre Izmīd [ q.v.], et d’un sand̲j̲aḳ de l’empire ottoman. Aujourd’hui, c’est le nom d’une province ( il) de Turquie (population en 1970: 385 408 habitants) dont le chef-lieu est Izmit. En 1954, la partie orientale de la province de Kocaeli fut séparée pour former la province de Sakarya (Saḳārya) avec pour chef-lieu Adapazari. Depuis cette réforme administrative, la province de Kocaeli comprend les ilçes (autrefois kazas) d’(Izmit-) Merk…

, nom de plusieurs villes et villages d’Asie Mineure venant de Ḳod̲j̲a-Ḥiṣār (cf. les noms de Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyun Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyul Ḥiṣāri̊, Keči Ḥiṣāri̊, et Ṭoḳlu Ḥiṣāi̊); la confusion est souvent évitée par l’addition du nom du chef-lieu de province voisin ou d’un autre mot, par ex. Čanki̊ri̊ Ḳoč-Ḥiṣāri̊, S̲h̲erefli Koč Ḥiṣāri̊; pour la même raison, l’appellation de localités ainsi nommées ont été changés à une époque récente. I. S̲h̲erefli Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊ (orth. moderne: Şerefli Koçhisan), chef-lieu d’un ilçe (autrefois kaza), qui s’appelait jadis Esb-kes̲h̲ān, en Anatolie centr…

, Ḳubrus (turc moderne: Kibns; grec: Kûpros, probablement dérivé du nom du cuivre; français: Chypre; anglais: Cyprus) est l’île la plus vaste de la Méditerranée orientale, avec une superficie de 9 251 km2. Par rapport au continent, la distance la plus courte est de 71 km. du Cap Kormakiti, au Nord, à Anamur, sur la côte méridionale de la Turquie; entre le Cap Andréas et Raʾs Ibn Ḵh̲ān, sur le littoral syrien au Nord d’al-Lād̲h̲iḳiyya [ q.v.], la distance est de 98 km.; de Chypre à la Crète (Iḳrīṭis̲h̲ [ q.v.]), il y a 553 km. environ. L’île comprend deux chaînes de montagnes, Kyrenia…

(Ḳoyunlu Ḥiṣār; orth. moderne Koyulhisar), chef-lieu d’un ilçe de la province ( il) de Sivas dans la vallée du Kelkit, le long de l’ancienne route de Niksar à S̲h̲ābīn Ḳara Ḥiṣār et Erzurum dans ¶ l’«aile gauche» ( sol ḳol) de l’Anatolie, au temps du système routier et postal des Ottomans. Le site a changé plusieurs fois du fait des tremblements de terre (en dernier lieu en 1939). Avant 1850 environ, la ville était probablement située sur l’emplacement actuel de Yukari Kale. La ville et la forteresse furent perdues par les Byzantins après la bataille de Manzikert (Malazgirt).…

, grand-vizir et amiral ottoman, né probablement vers 977/1571 dans le village de Zeytūn (auj. Suleymanh, province de Marʿas̲h̲/Maraş sur la route de Kayseri, près de Furnuz), qui était alors peuplé de riches Arméniens (mines de fer dans les environs; voir Andreasyan, 1964) et qui souffrit lourdement des destructions opérées par les rebelles d̲j̲elālis [voir Suppl.]. Jeune garçon, Ḵh̲alīl fut recruté (Uzunçarşili, Kapikulu, I, 27, n. 4) par le devs̲h̲irme [ q.v.] et reçut en qualité A’ič og̲h̲lān [ q.v.] toute l’instruction dispensée par l’école du Palais. Sa carrière peut…

, modern Turkish Kocaeli: a region between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, covering a part of ancient Bithynia with its centre Izmīd [ q.v.] (ancient Nicomedia), and the name of a sand̲j̲aḳ of the Ottoman empire. Nowadays it is the name of a province ( il) of Turkey (population 385,408 in 1970), with Izmit as its capital. In 1954 the eastern part of the province Kocaeli was separated to form the Sakarya (Saḳārya) province with its capital Adapazari. Since this administrative reform, Kocaeli has comprised the ilces (formerly ḳaḍāʾs ) of (Izmit-) Merkez, Gebze…

, a name of several towns and villages in Asia Minor, derived from Ḳod̲j̲a-Ḥiṣar; compare such names as Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyun Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyul Ḥiṣāri̊, Keči Ḥiṣārī and Ṭoḳlu Ḥiṣāri̊ Confusion is often prevented by the addition of the name of the nearby provincial capital or of another word, e.g. Čanki̊ri̊ Ḳoč-Ḥiṣāri̊, S̲h̲erefli Koč Ḥiṣār. For the same reason, the toponyms of places with this name have been changed in recent times. I. S̲h̲erefli Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊ (in modern usage Şerefli Koçhisarı , centre of an ilçe (previously ḳaḍāʾ ) formerly called Esb-kes̲h̲ān, in …

, Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ī ( el-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ ) (1085 or 1086-1156/1675-1743), Ottoman Grand Vizier. He was the son of a descendant of the Ewlād-i Fātiḥān , one Naṣr Allāh, a tīmār holder at Jagodina. Educated for state service (hence ʿiwaḍ ), he served with high-placed officials at Belgrade (1100/1689) and at Ḏj̲udda (1107-8/1696), during which period he made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Having returned to Istanbul just before the Patrona Ḵh̲alīl rebellion of 1730, he acted as Gümrük Emīni , Commissioner of the Istanbul customs house, on behalf of Yegen Meḥmed Efendi…

(Turkish form of the Greek Λῆμνος, in older Ottoman historical works Limoz and Ilimli, in older Greek sources also Λῆμος, Stalimene in mediaeval western sources, Lemnos in modern usage) an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea, 80 km. west of the entrance of the Dardanelles ( Čanaḳḳalʿe Bog̲h̲azi̊ [ q.v.]) halfway between Mount Athos and Tenedos [ Bozd̲j̲a-Ada [ q.v.]). The island, of ca. 470 km2, has been virtually treeless since long before Ottoman times. Agriculture is of local importance only. Its famous export product since antiquity is a sort of vo…

, Gümrükčü (d. 1158/1745), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Son of a sister of the then influential statesman Defterdār Kel Yūsuf Efendi (hence the surname “Nephew”), he was born in Antalya and began public life as a Mültezim in the region of his origin. He went to Istanbul to take up a career in the secretarial service, becoming a k̲h̲ad̲j̲egān . From 1140/1728 to 1141/1729 he was Commissioner of the Customs of Istanbul ( Gümrük Emīni ). Around 1144/1732 he became Ḳapu-Ketk̲h̲udāsi̊ of the Beglerbegi of Erzurum, Topal ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a, as well. In 1145/1733 he acquired the post of Mewḳūfātči̊ …

(transliterated also sālyāne ), a technical term in Ottoman administrative usage derived from the Persian sāl (year) meaning "yearly", "yearly allowance" or "stipend". The term is applied especially to the yearly income allotted to some categories of provincial rulers and governors (16th-19th centuries). These were the members of the Girāy [ q.v.] dynasty, some governors of maritime districts and other sand̲j̲aḳ-beg̲i s and beglerbegi s whose income did not derive from k̲h̲āṣṣ [ q.v.] domains ¶ but consisted of a yearly allowance fixed at the time of their appointment.…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier and admiral, born probably ca. 1570, in the village of Zeytun (now Süleymanh) in the province of Maraş on the way to Ḳayseri, near Furnuz, at that time an Armenian village with a rich population (iron mines nearby, Andreasyan, 1964). It suffered heavily from destructions done by Ḏj̲elālī rebels. As a young boy, K̲h̲alīl was recruited by the Devs̲h̲irme [ q.v.], (Uzunçarşih, Kapikulu , i, 27, n. 4) and received the full education of the palace-school as an ič og̲h̲lān . His career may have been promoted by the fact that he had an elde…

, al-Faransawī (Sèves or Sève Pas̲h̲a, 1788-1860), one of the French officers serving in Muḥammad ʿAlī’s Pas̲h̲a’s [ q.v.] army. Joseph Anthelme Sève was the son of a Lyons draper. When fifteen years old, he enlisted as a gunner in the French army, and later served in the Hussars. He fought in Napoleon’s Prussian campaign (1806-7) and was promoted to the rank of adjutant, and during the “Hundred Days” (1814), he served on the staff of Marshal Grouchy. Dismissed by the royal government, he went to Egypt in 1815, and was eventually attached to the staff of Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. Sève became an…

, Ṭeberdār (1071-1124/1660-1 to 1712), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Aḥmed III [ q.v.]. Born in Osmancık (Merzifon), as the son of Turkish Muslim parents, he was able to enter the outside service of the Sultan’s palace thanks to patronage ( intisāb ). He began his career in a secretarial function. By favour and through the patronage of Ḥabes̲h̲ī ʿAlī Ag̲h̲a and other bīrūn ag̲h̲a s, he entered the service of the Wālide Sulṭān Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲e Tark̲h̲ān, attaining the rank of k̲h̲alīfe in 1099/1687. The prince Aḥmed (the later Aḥmed III) appointed Meḥmed…

, Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ , (d. 886/1481), Ottoman Grand Vizier and historian. A descendant of Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī [ q.v.], he grew up in Ḳonya where he received his education as an ʿālim from Muṣannifak al-Ṣiddīḳī who introduced him into the patronage of Maḥmūd Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a served as a clerk in the dīwān of that Grand Vizier and later became müderris in the medrese founded by the same at Istanbul, being at the same time a general adviser to his patron. Thanks to the latter, he became nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ [ q.v.] in 869/1464, which high office he kept for about 12 years. From 4 Ḏ…

, twelfth Ottoman Sultan (ruled 982-1003/1574-95). He was born on 5 D̲j̲umāda I 953/4 July 1546 in the princely summer camp at Bozdaǧ Yayla near Manisa [ q.v.] where his father, the later Sultan Selīm II [ q.v.], resided as sand̲j̲aḳ-begi . His mother was the Venetian-born k̲h̲āṣṣekī Nūr Bānū [ q.v.]. His ceremonial circumcision took place at Manisa in April 1557. At the time, prince Selīm was appointed sand̲j̲aḳ-begi of Ḳaramān [ q.v.] in 1558 and Sultan Süleymān I [ q.v.] made his grandson sand̲j̲aḳ-begi of Aḳs̲h̲ehir. In 1561 Murād stayed with his grandfather in Istanbul, and…

or Rūmī (d. 883/1478), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Being of ḳul status, his origins, whether Greek or Albanian, are obscure. Sultan Meḥemmed II [ q.v.] admitted him into his intimate circle after the unsuccessful Albanian campaign of 870/1466 during which Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a became Second Vizier. In 1468/872 he joined the campaign against Ḳaramān [see ḳaramān-og̲h̲ullari̊ ], during which he manifested his rivalry with the Grand Vizier Maḥmūd Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. Instead of him, Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a was charged with the deportation of selected members of the populations of the cities of Ḳaramān, Ḳonya [ q.v…

, Baḳḳāl-zāde , Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ī , S̲h̲ehrī , Defterdār (?-1129/1717), Ottoman statesman, born in Istanbul (hence: S̲h̲ehrī), a son of a Muslim Turkish grocer. He styled himself El-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Meḥmed ed-Defterī in the preface to his chronicle. He made his career in the financial department of the Porte [see māliyye ]. In 1081/1671 he was employed in the office of the rūznāmd̲j̲e-yi ewwel ḳalemi [ q.v.]. He won the patronage of the defterdār Ḳi̊li̊č ʿAlī Efendi, bas̲h̲defterdār (in function 1102/1691-2) and was promoted to mektūbd̲j̲u (= mektūbī ), head of the secretariat of the principal deft…

Topal (d. 1041/1632), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Murād IV [ q.v.]. Of Bosnian origin, he began his career in the bostand̲j̲i̊ corps and attained the high office of Bostand̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ [ q.v.] in the reign of Aḥmed I [ q.v.]. Although slightly invalid (a sufferer from gout, hence topal ), he continued his career: a vizier since 1031/1622, he was appointed commander-in-chief in the Black Sea. With his squadron he defeated a Cossack fleet of 600 s̲h̲ayḳas . Red̲j̲eb Pas̲h̲a was Ḳapudān-pas̲h̲a 1032-5/1623-26. Commanding the fleet in Rad̲j̲ab-Ramaḍ…