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, a chief of the Banu Tag̲h̲lib of the Islamic period, whose murder by his brother-in-law D̲j̲assās b. Murra al-S̲h̲aybānī was the cause of a long and bloody war between the two sister-tribes Tag̲h̲lib and Bakr [ q.vv.] which was known as “the war of Basūs” [ q.v.]. His genealogy was: Kulayb b. Rabīʿa b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Murra b. Zuhayr b. D̲j̲us̲h̲am (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , c. 22; Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Tab. 164, where Murra is not mentioned). Kulayb’s real name is said to have been Wāʾil, and the name of Kulayb (“little dog”) to ha…

, a section of the Arab tribe of the Banū ʿUḳayl, which in turn is a subdivision of the great group of the ʿĀmīr b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa [ q.v.]. 1. In Pre-Islamic Arabia and the ageof the conquests. Genealogy: al-Muntafiḳ b. ʿĀmir b. ʿUḳayl (Wüstenfeld, Gen. Tab. , D. 19). The very scanty information in Wüstenfeld can be supplemented by the notice which Ibn al-Kalbī gives of the Banu ’l-Muntafiḳ ( D̲j̲amharat al-nasab = Gaskel and Strenziok, Tabellen, 104, Register 431); but this little clan nowhere appears to play a great part in early history. The territory inhabited by the …

, the last chief of the Azraḳī K̲h̲arid̲j̲īs [see azāriḳa ], celebrated both as poet and as orator. He belonged to a clan of the Tamīm (the tribe which furnished one of the most noteworthy contingents to these rebels), the Banū Kābiya b. Ḥurḳūṣ b. Māzin (Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel,Tab. 82). The name of his father, al-Fud̲j̲āʾa, is said to have been a surname and his real name was Ḏj̲aʿwana. Like other Arab chiefs, al-Ḳaṭarī had a double kunya (cf. Goldziher, Huh. Studien , i, 267, Eng. tr. i, 242): Abū Muḥammad in peace and Abū Maʿāma in war (D̲j̲āḥiẓ, Bayān , ed. Hārūn, i, 342…

b. ʿAbd S̲h̲ams , ancestor of the Umayyads, the principal clan of the Ḳuraysh of Mecca. His genealogy (Umayya b. ʿAbd S̲h̲ams b. ʿAbd Manāf b. Ḳuṣayy) and his descendants are given in Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , U, V, and Ibn al-Kabbī, in Caskel-Strenziok, i, nos. 8 ff. Like all other eponyms of Arab tribes and clans, his actual existence and the details of his life have to be accepted with caution, but too great scepticism with regard to tradition would be as ill-advised as absolute faith in its statement…

, an Arab tribe forming part of the great group of the Banū ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa [ q.v.] whose fortunes we find them almost continuously sharing in the period before as well as after Islam. They had particularly close associations with the tribes of ʿUḳayl and D̲j̲aʿda, whose genealogical table makes them brothers. Their genealogy is Ḳus̲h̲ayr b. Kaʿb b. Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa. Tradition makes the mother of Ḳus̲h̲ayr Rayṭa bint Ḳunfud̲h̲ b. Mālik of the tribe of the Banū Sulaym [ q.v.]. During the pre-Islamic period, the Banū Ḳus̲h̲ayr settled in al-Yamāma were involved in all …

, an ancestor of Muḥammad in the fifth generation and restorer of the pre-Islamic cult of the Kaʿba in Mecca. His genealogy is unanimously given in all sources as Ḳusayy b. Kilāb b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Fihr or Ḳurays̲h̲ b. G̲h̲ālib (Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Ǧamhara , Tab. 4), and his life and exploits are recorded by our sources in three recensions which only differ from each other in trifling details; these go back to Muḥammad al-Kalbī (d. 146/763-4), Ibn Iṣhāḳ (d. 150/767) and ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Ḏj̲u…

, K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī leader in Baṣra, killed in 61/680-1. He belonged to the Rabīʿa b. Ḥanẓala b. Mālik b. Zayd Manāt (called Rabīʿa al-Wusṭā, Naḳāʾiḍ , ed. Bevan, 185, 5 = 699, l. 11; Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , ed. Lyall, 123, l. 12, 772, l. 8), a branch of the tribe of Tamīm which supplied so many leaders to the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī movement. His father was called Ḥudayr b. ʿAmr b. ʿAbd b. Kaʿb and Udayya was his mother’s or grandmother’s name; she belonged to the tribe of Muḥārib b. K̲h̲aṣafa (Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ , ed. Wüstenfeld, 134; Ibn Ḳutayba, Kitāb al-Maʿārif , ed. Wüstenfel…

, the second caliph ( r. 13/634-23/644), one of the great figures of early Islam, a driving force behind the early conquests and the creation of the early Islamic empire. There is some contradiction among the historical and biographical traditions on ʿUmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb, and many of these contain exaggerated or legendary deails. However, a consistent character emerges out of this material: stern, strong-willed, prone to anger, devoted to Muḥammad, the Ḳurʾān and Islam, ʿUmar seems to have had a coherent political programme during and even before his caliphate. ʿUmar reportedly bega…

, people and State of early Arabia. 1. Liḥyān and Liḥyānite in epigraphy. Inscriptions discovered in the north of the Ḥid̲j̲āz and speedily identified as “Liḥyānite” have preserved the names of at least six kings of Liḥyan, a kingdom which must have existed for several centuries in pre-Islamic times. The great majority of the Liḥyānite inscriptions are found in the valley of al-ʿUlā and its immediate surroundings, especially in the neighbourhood of al-K̲h̲urayba, the site of ancient Dedān, not far to the south of the great Nabataean centre of al-Hid̲j̲r [ q.v.], i.e. modern Madāʾin Ṣā…

, the sword of the Arab warrior-poet ʿAmr b. Maʿdīkarib al-Zubaydī [ q.v.], celebrated for the temper and cutting power of its blade. Like a number of the best Arab swords, its origin was traced back to Southern Arabia and a fabulous antiquity was ascribed to it. ʿAmr himself in a verse often quoted ( ʿIḳd , ed. 1293, i, 46, ii, 70; Ibn Badrūn, 84; Tād̲j̲ al-ʿarūs , vi, 229) says that it had once belonged to Ibn Ḏh̲ī Ḳayfān "of the people of ʿĀd" (this member of an actual Ḥimyar clan (cf. M. Hartmann, Die arabische Frage , 331, 613) is identified with one of the last Ḥim…

, the name of several Arab tribes (Wüstenfeld, Register zu den geneal. Tabellen , 320, gives five of this name) of which the most important is that of the Muḥārib b. K̲h̲aḍafa b. Ḳays ʿAylān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen, D, 8). They do not however seem to have been of very great importance either in the D̲j̲āhiliyya or in Islam; Ibn al-Kalbī only gives them two pages of his D̲j̲amharat al-ansāb (B.L. ms., Add. 23, 297, fols. 163b-165b; cf. Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Tabellen, 92, Register 425) but these add considerably to the very meagre information in the Tabellen especially as regards the l…

, the name of an Arab tribe belonging to the great southern group of the Mad̲h̲ḥid̲j̲ [ q.v.]; genealogical tradition (Ibn al-Kalbī, D̲j̲amharat al-ansāb , Escurial ms, fols. 114b-117b and see now Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, which is followed by Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḥāḳ , ed. Wüstenfeld, 238, 4; cf. also LA, iv, 409) regards Murād as a nickname, for this tribe was said to have been the first to rebel ( tamarrada ) in the Yaman; an etymology wich is not convincing. Murād’s own name is said to have been Yuḥābir b. Mad̲h̲ḥid̲j̲ and he was therefo…

, an Arab tribe (the name is triptote, although in several European editions of Arabic texts we find it wrongly vocalised as a diptote). They inhabited, at least from the 6th century A.D., the mountainous territory between al-Ṭāʾif and Nad̲j̲rān along the caravan route from Yemen to Mecca. Historiographical theory on the migrations of the tribes, which is bound up with their genealogical systematisation, makes them settle, at the time of the separation of the sons of Maʿadd, in the mountains of al-Sarāt [ q.v.], from which the Azd are said to have driven them at the time of the…

, the name of several Arab tribes who are represented in all the great ethnic groupings of the Peninsula; this finds typical expression in the anecdote recorded in Ag̲h̲ānī , viii, 141 (= Yāḳūt, Irs̲h̲ād , ii, 382-3), according to which the caliph al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ asked the grammarian Abū ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Māzinī [ q.v.], who had come to his court, to which Māzin he belonged: whether to the Māzin of the Tamīm, to those of the Ḳays, to those of the Rabīʿa or to those of the Yemen? The first are the Māzin b. Mālik b. ʿAmr b. Tamīm (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , L. 12; Ibn al-Kalbi, …

, common ancestor of the greater part of the Arab tribes of the north, according to the accepted genealogical system. Genealogy: Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , A. 3). His mother, Muʿāna bint D̲j̲ahla, was descended from the pre-Arab race of the D̲j̲urhum [ q.v.]. Genealogical legend, which has preserved mythological features and folklore relating to several eponyms of Arab tribes, is almost silent on the subject of Nizār (an etymological fable about his name: Tād̲j̲ al-ʿarūs , iii, 563, 15-17 from the Rawḍ al-unuf of al-Suhaylī (i, …

( al-K̲h̲awārid̲j̲ , sing. K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī ), the members of the earliest of the religious sects of Islam, whose importance lies particularly, from the point of view of the development of dogma, in the formulation of questions relative to the theory of the caliphate and to justification by faith or by works, while from the point of view of political history the principal part they played was disturbing by means of continual insurrections, which often ended in the temporary conquest…

b. ʿĀmir b. ṢaʿṢaʿa , an Arab tribe (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , F 15) inhabiting the western heights of al-Yamāma and those between this region and the Ḥimā Ḍariyya: a bare and difficult country, the nature of which explains the rude and savage character of the Numayr. Their name like that of Namir and Anmār borne by other ethnic groups (there are also in the list of Arab tribes a number of other clans with the name Numayr: among the Asad, the Tamīm, the D̲j̲uʿfī, the Hamdān, etc.) is no doubt connected with nimr , namir [ q.v.], the Arabian panther; we know the deductions made by Rober…

, the third of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs (23-35/644-55). He belonged to the great Meccan family of the Banū Umayya [ q.v.], and more particularly to the branch of Abu ’l-ʿĀṣī who was his grandfather; for his genealogy, see Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , U. 23, and the table in umayya. His sudden support for the Prophet’s preaching began his life as a Muslim. ʿUt̲h̲mān was a very rich merchant and an accomplished man of the world. The tradition which represented him as the very esssence of beauty and elegance to the extent of being ov…

, a legendary diviner ( kāhin ) of pre-Islamic Arabia, whom tradition connects with the beginnings of Islam; in reality, we are dealing here with a quite mythical personage like the other kāhin in whose company he appears in most stories, S̲h̲iḳḳ al-Saʿbī, who is simply the humanisation of a demoniacal monster in appearance like a man cut in two ( s̲h̲iḳḳ al-insān : cf. van Vloten, in WZKM, vii [1893], 180-1, and s̲h̲iḳḳ ). Saṭīḥ, whose name means “flattened on the ground and unable to rise on account of the weakness of his limbs” ( Lisān al-ʿArab 1, iii, 312), is described as a monster with…