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(the name is also written Tagudar and Teguder in learned works), as a Muslim called Aḥmad (e. g. on his coins with inscriptions in the Mongol alphabet and language), a Mongol ruler (Īlk̲h̲ān, q.v.) of Persia, 681—683 = 1282—1284. On his brother and predecessor see abāḳā, on his fall and successor see arg̲h̲ūn. Tekuder is said to have been baptised in his youth with the name Nicolas ( Moshemii Historia Tartarorum Ecclesiastica, Helmstedt 1741, p. 71). Immediately after his accession, his conversion to Islām was announced. According to some sources he turned churches and temples of idolaters into mosques; on the other hand, Baiʿ Hebraeus says he was tolerant of all creeds, especially the Christian. His adoption of Islām was taken as a basis for negotiations with Egypt for the establishment of friendly relations between the two kingdoms; cf. the letter of the Īlk̲h̲ān of the middle of Ḏj̲umādā I 681 (Aug. 1282) and the…

(t. “Red Sand”), a desert between the Si̊r-Daryā and the Āmū-Daryā, cf. above, p. 741, ḳarā-ḳum. The country is less uniform, especially in the central part, than in the Ḳarā-Ḳum; the desert is crossed by several ranges of hills. The Ḳi̊zi̊l-Ḳum becomes more and more inhospitable as one goes southwards. The region called Adam-Ḳi̊ri̊lg̲h̲an (“where man perishes”) between the Āmū-Daryā and the cultivated region of Buk̲h̲ārā consisting of sandhills ( bark̲h̲ān) is considered especially uninviting and dangerous. In the summer there is absolutely no life in the desert,…

, a small river in the Crimea, south of Simferopol, is only known through the battle of September 20/8., 1854 (victory of the allied armies of the French, English and Turks over the Russians under Mens̲h̲ikow). (W. Barthold).

, a title of the rulers of S̲h̲īrwān, probably dating from the pre-Muḥammadan period (Baladitnrf, p. 196 infra). In the history of the conquest this ruler is called simply king ( malik) or lord ( ṣāḥib) of S̲h̲īrwān (ibid., 204 and 209). Yazīd b. Usaid al-Sulamī, governor of Armenia under the Caliph Manṣūr, took possession of the naphtha-wells ( naffāṭa) and saltworks of S̲h̲īrwān ( mallāḥāt); the eastern part of the land was therefore at that date of greater importance than the western (cf. what is said above on S̲h̲āberān as the capital of S̲h̲īrwān). The t…

(t.), “white water”, is very often used as the name of a river in the countries where Turkish is spoken. When a canal is made to branch off from a river, that part of the water which flows on along the original bed is as a rule called Aḳ Ṣu or Aḳ Daryā, and the artificial canal is called Ḳarā Ṣu or Ḳarā Daryā (black stream); but still many single streams and brooks bear the name of Aḳ Ṣu. The name has often been extended from rivers to towns and villages; specially well-known is Aḳ Ṣu in East-Turkistān on the river Aḳ Ṣu, a tributary of the river Yārkand-Daryā or Tarim. The Turkish name is not found until the 8t…

, once a great seaport, now a little town in the Crimea, Greek Σουγδαΐα or Σουγδαία, also Σουγδία, Latin and Italian Soldaia or Soldachia, Old Russian Surož; the Arabic form S̲h̲olṭāṭia in Idrīsī (transl. Jaubert, ii. 395) is probably connected with the Italian form. The name is connected with Sog̲h̲d [q. v.], the name of a country in Central Asia and explained as Iranian; its foundation is therefore ascribed to the Alans (see allān). The Alans are mentioned in the region (east of the Tauric Chersonese) as late as the xiiith and xivth centuries. Like the Greek cities, Sugdaia had an er…

or turkestan, a Persian word meaning the “land of the Turks”. To the Persians of course only the southern frontier of the land of the Turks, the frontier against Īrān, was of importance and this frontier naturally depended on political conditions. On their very first appearance in Central Asia in the sixth century a. d., the Turks reached the Oxus (cf. āmū-daryā). In the time of the Sāsānians therefore the land of the Turks began immediately north of the Oxus; according to the story given in Ṭabarī (i. 435 sq.) the Oxus was settled by an arrow-shot of Īras̲h̲ as the frontier between…

b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī (according to the Arabic sources; according to the Persian al-Ḳus̲h̲airī), governor of Ḵh̲orāsān under the Caliph His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Mālik, 106—109 (724—727) and 117—120 (735—738). Especially during his first term of office he conducted himself in relation to the Arabs as a fanatical adherent of the Yemenite party. With the Persian Dihḳāns (landowners) he was in high favour and was praised by them as a prudent “householder” (Katk̲h̲udā) of his province. Sāmān-Ḵh̲udāt, the an…

Buk̲h̲ārī, a Persian historian, wrote in 1233 (1818) a short summary of the geographical relations of Central Asiatic countries (Afg̲h̲ānistān, Buk̲h̲ārā, Ḵh̲īwā, Ḵh̲ōḳand, Tibet and Kas̲h̲mīr), and of historical events in those countries from 1160 (accession of Aḥmed S̲h̲āh Durrānī [q. v.] till his own times. ʿAbd al-Karīm had already left his native country in 1222 (1807-1808) and accompanied an embassy to Constantinople ; he remained there till his death, which took place after 1246 (1830), a…

, a Tatar Ḵh̲ān of Siberia, in whose reign this country was conquered by the Russians. Abu ’l-G̲h̲āzī (ed. Desmaisons, p 177). is the only authority to give information regarding his origin and his genealogical relation to the other descendants of Čingiz Ḵh̲ān. According to this source, he reigned for forty years in “Turan”, lost his eyesight towards the end of his life, was driven from his kingdom by the Russians in 1003 (1594/1595), took refuge with the Mang̲h̲i̊t (Nogai) and died among them. …

b. Aḥmad, Abū Ibrāhīm, a Sāmānid prince (amīr) of Mā warāʾ al-Nahr, who laid the foundations of the power of his dynasty, born in Farg̲h̲āna in S̲h̲awwāl 234 (28 Apr.— 26 May 849), from 260 (874) to 279 (892) governor for his brother Naṣr in Buk̲h̲ārā; he continued to reside in this town even after he became amīr of Mā warāʾ al-Nahr by the death of his brother and in 280 (893) was confirmed in this position by the caliph. In the same year he undertook a campaign as far as Ṭarāz (the modern Awliyā-A…

(“Black-eyed”), a Turkish people around Hamadān, to which they pay their tribute (Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, London 1892, ii. 270 and 472). The Ḳaragözlü are several times mentioned in the history of the domestic troubles in Persia in the second half of the xviiith century; cf. J. v. Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches 2, Pest 1836, iv. 475; Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Zandīya, ed. Beer, Leiden 1888, p. 33, 42 and 93. In the first half of the xixth century the Ḳaragözlü are said to have numbered some 12,000 souls (C. Ritter, Erdkunde, viii. 404 and ix. 78). Ḳaragözlü is also the …

, a Persian historian, author of the Taʿrīk̲h̲-i Ras̲h̲īdī, born in 905 = 1499-1500, died in 958 = 1551. On his descent cf. the article Dūg̲h̲lāt (i. 1079 et seq.) ; through his mother he was a grandson of the Čag̲h̲atāi Ḵh̲ān Yūnus and a cousin of Bābur. Most of our knowledge of his life is gleaned from his own work; Bābur (ed. Beveridge, p. 11) devotes a few lines to him; the Indian historians Abu ’l-Faḍl and Firis̲h̲ta give some information about his later years. His real name was Muḥammad Ḥaidar; as he himself says, he was known as Mīrzā Ḥaidar; Bābur calls him Ḥaidar Mīrzā. ¶ After the assassinat…

, descendants of the Mongol prince S̲h̲aibān, a brother of Bātū Ḵh̲ān [q. v.]. The naines of the twelve sons of S̲h̲aibān and their earlier descendants are given by Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn ( Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Tawārīk̲h̲, ed. Blochet, p. 114 sqq., with notes by the editor from the anonymous Muʿizz al-Ansāb; on its importance as a source see W. Barthold, Turkestan v epok̲h̲u mongolskago nas̲h̲estwiya, ii, 56). Later writers give information on S̲h̲aibān and his descendants which is more legendary than historical; the bias of these tales is decided by the political conditio…

, also written Bas̲h̲d̲j̲ird, Bas̲h̲g̲h̲irt, Bās̲h̲g̲h̲ird and Bas̲h̲ḳird (or Bās̲h̲ḳurd), the Arabic name for the Bās̲h̲ḳirs and Magyars. The Bās̲h̲ḳirs whose territory corresponds roughly to the modern districts of Ufa and Orenburg are first briefly mentioned by Iṣṭak̲h̲rī (ed. de Goeje, p. 225 and 227) and a more detailed account of ¶ them is given by Ibn Faḍlān (Yāḳūt, i. 468 et seq.). The land of the Bās̲h̲ḳirs was then, as it still is in part, covered with forest and their numbers very small (according to Iṣṭak̲h̲rī only 2000 men). They were subject …

, a prince of Transoxiana (Mā warāʾ al-Nahr) of the house of the Ilek-Ḵh̲āns. Nothing is known of the details of his genealogical relationships with the other princes of this house; according to Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (ed. Tornb. ix. 323), he was a brother of the conqueror of Mā warāʾ al-Nahr (Naṣr b. ʿAlī), yet this statement (which seems to have originated as a mere interpolation) must probably be rejected. The name ʿAlī b. ʿAlī is not mentioned on any coins of this period, on the other hand we find t…

, also written Tok̲h̲āristān and Ṭok̲h̲airistān, a district on the upper course of the Āmū-Daryā [q.v.]. It is the name of a district formed from that of its inhabitants (like Afg̲h̲ānistān, Balōčistān etc.), but the question of the nationality and language of the Tok̲h̲ārians was of no significance in the Muslim period. With the exception perhaps of the mention of Balk̲h̲ as Madīnat Ṭok̲h̲ārā in Balād̲h̲urī, p. 408 there is nothing to show that anything was known in the Muslim period of the Tok̲h̲ārians as a people, although as late as 630 a. d. the Chinese pilgrim Hüan-Čuang (or Yüan-…

, properly Dāg̲h̲istān (Mountain land; Snouck Hurgronje, Mekka, ii. 245 noted in ¶ Mecca that the name was pronounced Dag̲h̲ustan even by people who belonged to it), a Russian territory ( oblast’) on the west shore of the Caspian Sea between 43° 30’ and 41° N. Lat., has an area of 13 228 square miles and a population of about 700,000. Its boundaries are, in the north the Sulaḳ, in the south the Samur, in the west the watershed between these rivers and the Alazan, a tributary of the Kura; the territory is divided into nine districts ( okrug). Its present boundaries and its constitution as a R…

, written Tātār, Tatār and Tatar, the name of a people the significance of which varies in different periods. Two Tatar groups of tribes, the “thirty Tatars” and the “nine Tatars”, are mentioned in the Turkish Ork̲h̲on inscriptions of the eighth century a. d. As Thomsen ( Inscriptions ¶ de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1896,” p. 140) supposes, even at this date the name was applied to the Mongols or a section of them but not to a Turkish people; according to Thomsen, these Tatars lived southwest of Baikal roughly as far as Kerulen. With the foundation of the empire of the Kitai [see ḳara k̲h̲itai] the Tu…

is an East-Turkish and Mongolic word, almost synonymous with the more usual Īl of Turkish dialects. The original sense of both words is “tribe”, but they are also used to denote larger tribal unions as political unities. Northern Mongolia (Ḵh̲alk̲h̲ā) is divided into four aimāḳ on the basis of the four k̲h̲āns (Tus̲h̲etu-k̲h̲ān, Tsetzen-Ḵh̲ān, Sain-Noyon and Tzasaktu-Ḵh̲an). In Afg̲h̲ānistan four nomadic tribes (Ḏj̲ams̲h̲īdī, Hazāra, Fērōzkōhī and Taimanī) are called by the comprehensive appellation of Čār (Čahār) Aimāḳ (four aimāḳ). (W. Barthold)

, according to Radloff ( Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte, St. Petersburg 1899, vol. ii., p. 924) “a Turkish tribe in Turkistan”; the same authority gives the Kirgiz (i. e. Kazak) word ḳurama (from ḳura, “to sew together pieces of cloth”) with the meaning “a blanket made of pieces of cloth sewn together”. In another passage ( Aus Sibirien 2, Leipzig 1893, i. 225) Radloff himself says that the Kurama are “a mixed people of Özbegs and Kirgiz” and their name comes from the fact, asserted by the Kirgiz, that “they are made up of patches from many tribes” ( kura to “patch together”). Ac…

, the name of two Sāmānid rulers: 1. Manṣūr b. Nūḥ I (Abu Ṣāliḥ), ruler of Ḵh̲orāsān and Transoxania (350—365 = 961—976), succeeded his brother ʿAbd al-Malik b. Nūḥ I [q.v.]. Ibn Ḥawḳal is able to describe the internal conditions of the Sāmānid kingdom under Manṣūr as an eye-witness; cf. especially B. G. A., ii. 341: fī waḳtinā hād̲h̲ā; p. 344 sq.: on the character of Manṣūr “the justest king among our contemporaries, in spite of his physical weakness and the slightness of his frame”. On the vizier Balʿamī, see balʿamī where also information is given about the Persian version of Ṭaba…

, Eastern Turkī word for agriculturists; as the name of a people, applied to the colonists transported by the Chinese government in the middle of the xviiith century from Kās̲h̲g̲h̲aria to the Ili valley; cf. Radloff, Wörterbuch, iv. 841. The Taranči are said however, even in the Ili valley, to have described themselves as the native population ( Yärlik, cf. Radloff, it. 343). They numbered 6,000 families of whom 4,100 were settled on the right and 1,900 on the left bank of the Ili; for further particulars see Radloff, Aus Sibirien, ii. 331 sq. According to a census of the year 1834 the…

, Arabic Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānīya, a town in the northern part of Ḵh̲wārizm; on the situation of the town and the arm of the Oxus which flows past it, cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 341a. Although the town is first mentioned by the Arabs, it was undoubtedly founded in the pre-Muhammadan period; the oldest Chinese name for Ḵh̲wārizm (Yüekien) is apparently to be traced to the name Gurgānd̲j̲. In what condition the Arabs found the northern part of the country is not narrated in the sources dealing with the Arab conquest (93 = 712). In the ivth = xth century Ḵh̲wārizm broke up into two independent kingdom…

, a word (probably from the Sanskrit, bhiks̲h̲u) which appears in East Turkī and Persian during the Mongol period; it denotes in the first place the Buddhist priesthood and in this meaning is equated to the Chinese Hos̲h̲ang, Tibetan Lama and the Uig̲h̲ur Toin. Writers of Turkish origin also, who had to write documents destined for the Mongol and Turkish population, in Uig̲h̲ur script, were called Bak̲h̲shi; according to Bābar (ed. Beveridge, p. 108b) it was also the name of the surgeon ( d̲j̲arrāḥ) among the Mongols. In the Empire of the Indian Moghuls, the Bak̲h̲shī was an o…

, the title of the ruler of Ḵh̲wārizm [q. v.] found already in existence at the Arab conquest (cf. e. g. al-Ṭabarī, ii. 1237 sq.). The same title was borne in the Muslim period by the majority of the kings and governors of this country, although the founder of the last dynasty, Iltüzar Ḵh̲ān (1804—1806), was content to describe himself on his coins (which were never issued) as “heir of the Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhs” ( wārit̲h̲-i Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhān (ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Buk̲h̲ārī, ed. Schefer, p. 80). This is probably the only case in Central Asia of a title retaining its signific…

, properly Faiḍābād, the name of two modern towns in Central Asia; on Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 340a and on Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān see this article i. 552b et seq. (where it is erroneously called Faid̲h̲ābād). Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā, lying in a fertile valley with green pastures throughout the year, is now a town with about 3000 inhabitants, the residence of the tax-collector ( amlākdār) of the Beg of Ḥiṣār; the citadel is in ruins. Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān lies on the right bank of the Kokča, which is here crossed by a wooden brid…

, a mountain range on the Caspian Sea, where the dry riverbed of the Uzboi (supposed to be the ancient bed of the Oxus) flows into the Sea. The mountains to the north of the riverbed, rising to a height of 5500 feet, are at the present day called “the Great Balk̲h̲ān” range; quite separate from them are the “Little Balk̲h̲ans” (to the south of the Uzboi) which are quite close to the Küren-Dag̲h̲. The Balk̲h̲ān Bay on the Caspian Sea has taken its name from the “Great Balk̲h̲āns”; in it is the best harbour on the eastern shores of the Sea north of the Russo-Persian frontier. On the story of an “ancient Ḵh̲w…

Maḥmūd, a Mongol ruler ( Ilk̲h̲ān) of Persia (694—703 = 1295—1304) born in the year 670 = 1271. On the accession of his father Arg̲h̲ūn (q. v., i. 430) he was appointed governor of Ḵh̲orāsān, Māzandarān arid Ray; he administered these provinces in the reign of Gaik̲h̲ātū also (cf. above p. 128). G̲h̲āzān had been brought up as a Buddhist and, while governor, ordered a Buddhist temple to be built in the town of Ḳūčān; shortly before his accession, during the war with Bāidū (q. v., i. 591), his general…

, capital of the Golden Horde; cf. the articles Ḳipčāḳ and mongols. The name is in Persian sarāi = palace; nevertheless it is frequently written ṣarāi in Arabic works. On its foundation by Bātū and the name Sarāi Berke see above, i. 683a and 709a. The geographers and historians speak only of o n e town of this name but on the coins we find a New-Sarāi ( Sarāi al-Ḏj̲adīd) mentioned: the earliest coin struck in New-Sarāi is dated 710 a. h. The only historical reference to New-Sarāi so far known is the mention of the death of the Ḵh̲ān Özbeg (the date given is 742 a. h.) in New-Sarāi in S̲h̲ams al-Dīn a…

, a Turkī saint of Ḵh̲warizm, a pupil of Aḥmad Yasawī (cf. i. 204b et seq.) who died in 562 = 1166-1167. His proper name was Sulaimān Bāḳirg̲h̲ānī and he is also called Sulaimān Atā or Ḥākim Ḵh̲od̲j̲a; this Bāḳirg̲h̲ān is not identical with the Bag̲h̲irḳān mentioned by Muḳaddasī (ed. de Goeje, p. 343, 10) but lay considerably farther north, a little below the modern town of Kungrad; the tomb of Ḥakīm Atā there is still visited by pilgrims; according to’ a biography of the saint, the name is said to be a corrup…

(t.), robber, disturber of the peace, adventurer; on these and other meanings see W. Radloff, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der türk. Dialecte, ii. 364. The existence of the word in Turkish can be first shown in the ninth (xvth) century. During the civil turmoils under the Tīmūrids the pretenders, in contrast to the actual rulers, were called ḳazaḳ: those who would not accept the verdict of fortune but led the life of an adventurer at the head of their men; cf., for example, the mention of the ḳazaḳ years ( ḳazaḳli̊ḳ) of Sulṭān Ḥusain, afterwards ruler of Ḵh̲urāsān, in the Bābar-Nāma, ed. Beveri…

, a Turkish people who call themselves Tipter or Bas̲h̲ḳurt. According to Vambéry, the name is derived from a verb tepte “to roam” and means “rovers”; in Radloff’s Wörterbuch (iii. 1114) no such verb is mentioned and the word tepter only quoted as the “name of a tribe in the gouvernement of Orenburg”. In Russian documents of the xviiith century the word tepter is frequently associated with the word babi̊l’ which is of course not a tribal name but means “peasant without land and family” According to Karamzin (vol. i., note 73), the Tepter were a mixed people compo…

, in Russian originally gorodez or gorodok mes̲h̲čerskiy, in Tatar k̲h̲ān karmān, formerly the capital of the Tatar princes subordinate to the Czar of Moscow and now a district capital in the gouvernement of Ryazan. It took its name from Ḳāsim, son of the founder of the kingdom of Ḳazān, Ūlū Muḥammad. In the war between the brothers that followed the assassination of Ūlū Muḥammad (1446), Ḳāsim was induced to enter the service of the Russian Grand Duke. The town, which bears his name, was granted him about …

, a mountainous peninsula on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, first mentioned under the Persian name Siyāh-Kōh (“Black Mountain”; cf. B. G.A., i. 218); the same name was given to the hills west of the Sea of Aral ( op. cit., vii. 92; see āmū-daryā). According to Iṣṭak̲h̲rī ( op. cit., i. 219), the peninsula used to be uninhabited; it was only shortly before his time (or that of his predecessor al-Balk̲h̲ī) that Turks, who had quarrelled with the G̲h̲uzz [q. v.], i. e. with their own kin, had come there and found springs and pastures for the…

(ḳarlug̲h̲), in early Arabic sources Ḵh̲arluk̲h̲, in Persian Ḵh̲alluk̲h̲, in Chinese Ko-lo-lu, name of a Turkish people, who are mentioned in the Turkish Ork̲h̲on inscriptions and in the Chinese T’ang S̲h̲u; cf. E. Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue ( Turcs) occidentaux, St. Petersburg 1903, Index. The Ḳarluḳ attained some political importance after 766, when, after the decline of the empire of the Western Turkish Ḵh̲āḳāns, they occupied the valley of the Ču [q.v.]. Their princes did not assume the title of Ḵh̲āḳān (Ḳag̲h̲an) but o…

, was also the name of a prince of the Aḳ-Ḳuyūnlī in Persia, son and successor of Sulṭān Yaʿḳūb; he only reigned for a short period from 896-897 (= 1490—1492) and was overthrown by his cousin Rustam. (W. Barthold)

, Turkish Gökče-tengiz (“blue sea”), Armenian Sewanga (Sew-Wank = : “Black cloister”), a freshwater lake in Russian Armenia (gouvernement of Eriwan), 7000 feet above sealevel, covering an area of 62 square miles and drained by one stream, the Zanga, which flows into the Araxes. As Le Strange ( The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 183) points out, the name first appears in Ḥamd Allāh Ḳazwīnī; in the Muhammadan sources of the pre-Mongol period the lake is not mentioned at all. The monastery from which the lake has received its Armenian name lies o…

(usually written: Kīmāk and wrongly vocalised: Kaimāk), name of a Turkish people on the lower course of the Irtis̲h̲. Ibn Ḵh̲urdād̲h̲bih (text in B.G.A., vi. 28 and 31) mentions a road thither (80 or 81 days) from Ṭarāz (now Awliyā Atā) or Kuwīkat, seven farsak̲h̲ distant, and Gardīzī (in Barthold, Otčet o poiezdkie v Srednjuju Aziju, p. 82 sq.) fully describes another route from Fārāb (Otrār) (via Jenikend, the modern ruins called Ḏj̲ānkent south of the mouth of the Si̊r-Daryā). According to Muḳaddasī or Maḳdisī ( B. G. A., iii. 274) a portion of the Kimäk at the end of ¶ the ivth (xth) century …

, a frontier province in the northwest of China proper; it is bounded on the south and east by the provinces of Sze-čuan, S̲h̲ensi and S̲h̲ansi, in the west and north by the territory of Kukunor, Chinese Turkestan (formerly included in Kansu, but since 1884 the separate province of Sin-Kiang) and Mongolia. With its present area of 5910 geogr. sq. m.= 125,483 sq. miles, Kansu is the third largest province of China but as regards density of population it is lower than all the other provinces of China with the exception of Kuangsi. The province first formed under the Emperor Kūbīlāi in 1282 a. d. is …

(usually written Ḵh̲ān Bālīḳ), the “Ḵh̲ān’s town”, the name of Pekin as capital of the Mongol Emperors after 1264 in Eastern Turkī and Mongol and afterwards adopted by the rest of the Muslim world and even by Western Europe ( Cambaluc, variants in S. Hallberg, l’Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l’Occident, Göteborg 1906, p. 105 sq.). According to Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn (ed. Berezin, Trudi̊ Vost. Otd. Ark̲h̲. Obs̲h̲č. xv., Persian text, p. 34), Pekin (Chinese then Čūngdū, i. e. the middle capital) was called Ḵh̲ānbāli̊ḳ even earlier by the Mongols,…

, a district and people in the north of the Persian province of Gīlān [q. v.], which since the peace of Gulistān (12/24th Oct. 1813) has belonged to Russia. The name according to Marquart, Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig 1903, p. 278 sq., is first found in the form T’alis̲h̲ in the Armenian translation of the romance of Alexander, Ch. 194 = ii. 19, p. 76 (ed. C. Müller). In the history of the Arab conquest (Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 327; al-Ṭabarī, i. 2805) the country is called al-Ṭailasān; according to al-Aṣma…

, usually written Derbent by the Russians, called al-Bāb (che “gate”) Bāb al-Abwāb (gate of gates) or al-Bāb wa ’l-Abwāb (the gate and the gates) by the Arabs, a town in the Russian territory of Dag̲h̲estan [q. v., p. 887] on the western shore of the Caspian Sea (42° 4’ N. Lat.), with about 20,000 inhabitants; it is particularly noted for the long walls, unique in their kind, which used to bar the passage between the mountains and the sea, here only 1½ miles wide, in the Sāsānian and afterwards in the Muḥammadan p…

, a Turkish word, properly an ad̲j̲ective meaning “rich” (in this sense it appears in the earliest monuments of the Turkish language, the inscriptions of Orchon); as a substantive it means also “landlord, householder”. In Central Asia the word “Bai” is frequently appended to proper names, whereby the bearers of these names are shown to be prosperous, independent people in contrast to the masses. The oldest text, in which the word “Bai” appears with this meaning is the story of Mahmud Bai, Vizier of the prince (Gūṛk̲h̲ān) of the Ḳara Ḵh̲iṭāi in the Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Ḏj̲ihān Kus̲h̲āi of Ḏj̲uwainī…

, the Turkish name for a Mongol people who call themselves Oirat. In Radloff’s Wörterbuch (ii. 272), the forms Ḳalmaḳ (Central Asian dialects), Ḳalmiḳ (Volga dialects; whence the Russian word) and Ḳalmuḳ (Ottoman; whence the Crimean Tatar expression ḳalmuḳ-i bad-mak̲h̲lūḳ) are given. In Central Asia the Turkish speaking Teleuts are called “White Kalmücks” (Aḳ Ḳalmaḳ) and the Western Mongols proper “Black Kalmücks” (Ḳara Ḳalmaḳ). The word is derived (probably only by a popular etymology) from the verb ḳalmaḳ “to remain”; it is said to denote the Oirat, who “remained” paga…

, a large river in the Caucasus (length about 300 miles, breadth in some places up to 500 yards). In its upper course it is a mountain torrent and even in its lower course so swift that navigation is impossible upon it. During the golden period of Arabic geographical knowledge (ivth = xth century) the land of Terek must have belonged to the kingdom of the Ḵh̲azar [q. v.]. This portion of the Ḵh̲azar dominions is not described by Arab geographers and the Terek not mentioned. The name seems to appear for the first time in the history of the fightin…

, a family ( āl) in Buk̲h̲ārā, in which, in the vith (xiith) century the office of raʾīs (superior, at this time the word had not yet acquired its present meaning of muḥtasib) of the Ḥanafīs of that city descended from father to son; the title ṣadr d̲j̲ihān (plur. ṣudūr) is applied not only to the head of the family but to all the other members also. Some poets compare these “Imāms” with the “Emīrs” of the Sāmānid dynasty and rank the “wearers of the turban” ( ahl al-ʿamāʾim) higher than the “wearers of the crown” ( arbāb tīd̲j̲ān). The title ṣadr-d̲j̲ihān was also borne, at a later period unde…

, a large river in Central Asia. Both the rivers Tekes and the Tunges which join to form it, rise in the northern slopes of the Thian-S̲h̲an; after their junction the river is called the lli and then has a course of about 600 miles till it runs into Lake Balkas̲h̲ (q. v., i. 624). At some places it is over half a mile broad. The upper course of the Tekes and the lower course of the Ili belong to the Russian empire, the Kunges, the lower course of the Tekes, and the upper course of the Hi to the …

, fourth prince (Ilk̲h̲ān) of Persia (683—690 = 1284—129l), born sometime between 1250 and 1255 (his father Abaḳa was born in 1234, his eldest son G̲h̲āzān in 1271). His father Abaḳa entrusted to him the administration of the province of Ḵh̲orāsān. Summoned to his fathers court in the spring of 1282 he received the news of the latter’s death before completing his journey, and had to render homage to his uncle Tekūdar (or Aḥmad) in Ād̲h̲arbaid̲j̲ān. In the following spring (1283) he returned to Ḵ…

, usually written Tās̲h̲kend in Arabic and Persian manuscripts, a large town in Central Asia, in the oasis of Čirčik, watered by one of the right bank tributaries of the Si̊r-Daryā [q. v.]. Nothing is known of the origin of the settlement on the Čirčik. According to the Greek and Roman sources there were only nomads on the other side of the Yaxartes. In the earliest Chinese sources (from the second century b. c.) mention is made of a land of Yu-ni, later identified with the territory of Tas̲h̲kent; this land is later called Čö-či or Čö-s̲h̲i or simply S̲h̲i. The corr…