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Lāhawr
(5,211 words)
( Lahore ), the principal city of the Pand̲j̲āb [
q.v.], situated on the left bank of the Rāwī about 700 feet above sea level, at lat. 31° 35′ N. and long. 74° 20′ E. Its strategic location in the ¶ fertile alluvial region of the upper Indus plain has guaranteed it an important rôle in Indian history, very often as a frontier stronghold and more recently as the capital of the Sikh [
q.v.] empire. Since 1947 it has been included in the republic of Pākistān, of which it is the second largest city. 1. History. Popular etymology connects the foundation of Lāhawr with the mythical Lava (Lōh), …
Lak̲h̲naw
(2,971 words)
, conventional English spelling Lucknow , the capital city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (the United Provinces of British India). It is situated on the south bank of the winding Gumti river at lat. 26° 52′ N. and long. 80° 52′ E. It is the eleventh largest city in the country (population, 1971 census: 750, 512) and the second largest town of the State. Besides being the seat of the State government, the city also serves as the administrative headquarters of Lak̲h̲naw district and division. 1. History. Though legend connects the origin of Lak̲h̲naw to a mythical local mound …
Maḥall
(7,174 words)
(a., lit. “place of alighting, settling, abode”), in the context of Islamic India, widely used in the sense of “palace pavilion” or “hall”, and more particularly of private apartments in the palace, the
maḥall-sarā —hence also a queen or consort. It seems not to have achieved the same currency in Iran. Here it appears as equivalent to Hindī
mandir ,
mandar or
mandal , sometimes replacing these in areas under strong Muslim influence such as Rād̲j̲ast̲h̲ān. Much palace terminology is Persian, though specialised Hindī terms like
tibāra for a hall with three adjacent bays or doors, and
bāradarī…
Manzil
(2,980 words)
(a., pl.
manāzil ), noun of place and time from the root
n -
z - l, which expresses the idea of halting, a temporary stay, thence stage of a journey. 1. In the central and western Islamic lands. In the Ḳurʾān (X,5; XXXVII, 39), it appears only in the plural, designating the lunar mansions (
manāzil [
q.v.]).
Manzil may also be a stage in the spiritual journey of the soul, in the mystical initiation, see e.g. in the title of ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī al-Harawi’s
K. Manāzil al-sāʾirīn . According to the
LA, it is the place where one halts (
mawḍiʿ al-nuzūl ), where the traveller dismounts after a day’s march (
mar…
Yurtči̊
(703 words)
(t.) (from
yurt “tribal territory, camp site, tent site”, a general term in the Turkic languages, ¶ cf. Türkmen
yūrt ~
yuvi̊rt , Ḳaraḳalpaḳ, Ḳazaḳ and Ḳi̊rg̲h̲i̊z
žurt ; see k̲h̲ayma . iv, to whose
Bibl . should be added G. Doerfer,
Türkische
und mongolische
Elemente
im
Neupersischen , Wiesbaden 1965-70, iv, 212-16 no. 1914), Pers.
yūrtd̲j̲ī , the salaried officer responsible for choosing camp sites for the army or court, organising them, and supervising their use. Ḏj̲uwaynī’s use of
yūrt for the appanages granted by Činggiz Ḳan to his brother, sons and grandsons demonstrates that
yurt …
Mifras̲h̲
(1,178 words)
(a.), more usually in its Persian form
mafras̲h̲ , or the Ottoman
mifres̲h̲ , denotes a travelling pack for bedding. Derived from the Arabic verb
faras̲h̲a “to spread out or furnish a house or tent”, it is thus cognate with
mafrūs̲h̲āt [
q.v.] in the sense of “bedding”. Two early examples made from waxed canvas, reinforced with patterns of brass studs, are preserved in the harem of the Topkapı Sarayı, Istanbul (8/460 and 8/465
k̲h̲urd̲j̲ ). These are flat-bottomed, 90 × 55 cm, with D-shaped ends 30 cm high around which the long sides curve inwards…
Misāḥa
(3,688 words)
(a.), the measurement of plane surfaces, also in modern usage, survey, the technique ofsurv eying. In this article, measures of length and area will be considered, those of capacity, volume and weight having been dealt with under makāyīl wamawāzīn . For the technique of surveying, see misāḥa, ʿilm al- . 1. In the central Islamic lands. In pre-modern times, there were a bewildering array of measures for length and superficial area, often with the same name but differing locally in size and extent. As Lane despairingly noted, “of the measures and…
Muhād̲j̲ir
(6,649 words)
(a.), literally, “one who migrates”, has been applied to various groups in the course of Islamic history. 1. In earliest Islam. See for this hid̲j̲ra and muhād̲j̲irūn . 2. In Turkey and the Ottoman lands. The function of the Turkish heartlands of Anatolia and Thrace as the refuge of Islam,
Islām-penāh , became significant as Ottoman power declined and the Muslim populations of outlying territories became exposed to the imposition of unfavourable Christian administrations, notably through Russian expansion and national movements in the Balkans. The term
muhād̲j̲ir /
muhacir …
Miẓalla
(4,558 words)
(a.), lit. “an instrument or apparatus for providing shade,
ẓill ,” apparently synonymous with the
s̲h̲amsa ,
s̲h̲amsiyya , lit. “an instrument or apparatus for providing shelter from the sun”, probably therefore referring to the sunshade or parasol born on ceremonial occasions and processions [see mawākib ] over early Islamic rulers. 1. In the ʿAbbāsid and Fāṭimid caliphates. The historical sources provide a few references on practice in the ʿAbbāsid caliphate. Thus the official Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Malik al-Zayyāt [see ibn al-zayyāt ] was responsible in al-Muʿtaṣim’s time fo…
Maklī
(1,614 words)
, the elongated, flat hilltop, running north and south some 2 miles/3 km. to the northwest of the city of T́hat́t́hā (Tatta or Thatta) [
q.v.] in lower Sind [
q.v.] on the road to Karāčī and now in Pakistan, which served as a necropolis for the local Sammā, Arg̲h̲ūn, and Tark̲h̲ān dynasties, besides being the burial ground for countless thousands of ordinary Muslims. The etymology is obscure, though possibly derived from
mukallaʾ “a river bank”, as it lies along the old bed of the Indus. Within its irregularly curving widt…
Mahisur, Maysūr
(3,067 words)
, conventional spelling Mysore , a former princely state of British India, now the core of a component state of the Indian Union called Karnataka, with its capital at Bangalore, and also the name of the town which was the dynastic capital of the state. The native state was a landlocked one of South India, lying between lats. 11° 36′ and 15° 2′ N. and longs. 74° 38′ and 78° 36′ E. and with an area of 29,433 sq. miles. Its population in 1941 was 7,329,140…
Masd̲j̲id
(77,513 words)
(a.), mosque, the noun of place from
sad̲j̲ada “to prostrate oneself, hence “place where one prostrates oneself [in worship]”. The modern Western European words (Eng.
mosque , Fr.
mosquée , Ger.
Moschee , Ital.
moschea ) come ultimately from the Arabic via Spanish
mezquita . I. In the central Islamic lands A. The origins of the mosque up to the Prophet’s death. The word
msgdʾ is found in Aramaic as early as the Jewish Elephantine Papyri (5th century B.C.), and appears likewise in Nabataean inscriptions with the meaning “place of worship…