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Abū Saʿīd b. Muḥammad b. Mīrāns̲h̲āh b. Tīmūr

(1,398 words)

Author(s): Aubin, J.
, Tīmūrid sultan. In 853/1449, at the age of twenty-five, Abū Saʿīd, taking advantage of the desperate situation of Ulug̲h̲ Beg, at whose court he lived; tried his fortune in Transoxiana. A siege of Samarḳand (1449), then a rising at Būk̲h̲ārā (May 1450) both ended in failure. Not long afterwards he seized Yasi̊ (Turkistān), and held it against the troops of ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm Sulṭān b. S̲h̲āhrūk̲h̲. In Ḏj̲umādā I 855/June 1451 he drove the latter out of Samarḳand with the help of the Özbeg k…

العراق

(18,269 words)

Author(s): Miquel, A. | Brice, W. C. | Sourdel, Dominique | Aubin, J. | Holt, P. M. | Et al.
[English edition] العراق دولة ذات سيادة، دينها الإسلام. يتكلّم أغلب سكّانها العربيّة، وتقع في أقصى الشّرق من الهلال الخصيب. 1. الجغرافيا من المفارقة أن يستمدّ العراق تميّزه في تركيبته الجغرافيّة من كونه يشكّل جزءًا من كتلة جغرافيّة واسعة. فهو يستمدّ، من ناحية أولى، خصائصه الجغرافيّة العامّة ومناخه من هضبة بادية الشّام (الصّحراء العربيّة السّوريّة) التي يقع على طول سفحها الجنوبيّ الغربيّ، ومن جهة أخرى يشترك في الاتّجاه والتّضاريس مع سلاسل الجبال المنفرجة في آسيا الغربية التي تتقاسم، على طول تخومها الشّماليّة الشّرقيّ…

ʿIrāḳ

(21,303 words)

Author(s): Miquel, A. | Brice, W.C. | Sourdel, D. | Aubin, J. | Holt, P.M. | Et al.
, a sovereign State, of the Muslim religion, for the most part Arabic-speaking, situated at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. i.—Geography The structure of ʿIrāḳ paradoxically derives its originality from the fact that it forms part of a large geographical block of territory. From the Arabo-Syrian desert tableland which it faces along its south-western flank, it takes its general aspect and its climate. All along its frontiers on the North-East, on the other hand, it shares the orientation and ¶ relief of the folded mountain-chains of western Asia, which give it its t…