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, a Berber tribe of Morocco. Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, ʿIbar , Fr. tr. de Slane, i, 286, provides all the information which we have on the early history of this tribe, which formed part of the sedentary Barānis [ q.v.]. Certain of these appear to have been Christians. At the time of the Muslim conquest, they held the premier place among the North African Berber tribes because of their forcefulness and the bravery of their warriors. Ibn K̲h̲aldūn also gives us the names of the tribe’s main branches and those ¶ of the most outstanding chiefs whom they had before the Arabs’ arrival. The celebrated Kusayla [ q.v.]…

, a confederation of Moroccan tribes which constituted an autonomous administrative region during the French Protectorate. When Morocco attained independence, it was attached to the province of Casablanca, and now forms no more than the al-Ḏj̲adīda circle (Mazagan). Some sections of the G̲h̲arb tribe also have This name. Al-Bakrī does not mention the Dukkāla, but al-Idrīsī, together with Ibn K̲h̲aldūn ( ʿIbar ) and Leo Africanus later, attribute an extensive area to the confederation, comprising roughly the triangle within the rivers …

, ʿAlawī Sultan of Morocco, commonly known both in Europe and Morocco by the name of Moulay Hafid. He was born in 1880 to the Sultan Moulay Ḥasan [ q.v.] and his legal wife al-ʿAlīyya, who belonged to the Arab confederacy of S̲h̲āwiyya. On the death of his father, his younger brother ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz [ q.v.], who had become Sultan, appointed him k̲h̲alīfa at Marrākus̲h̲. After a long underhand struggle and with the aid of the great ḳāʾid Madanī Glāwī [see glāwa ] he was proclaimed sultan at Marrākus̲h̲ on 16 August 1907. But at Fās in January 1908 he was re…

, a famous Berber confederation in the central Moroccan High Atlas, of the stock of the sedentary Maṣmūda [ q.v.]; according to Ibn K̲h̲aldūn ( ʿIbar , French trans. de Slane, Histoire des Berbères , ii, 281), Intī was the current Ethnic designation of these mountain-dwellers. During the 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries they played an important part in securing the success of the Almohad movement and in strengthening the Muʾminid dynasty by being the first to support the Mahdī Ibn Tūmart [ q.v.]. Their chief Faska-u-Mzal then received the name of a Companion of the Prophet, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar [ q.v…

is the name which, since the independence of Morocco in 1956, has been given to a bay and small archipelago on the coast of the Rīf between the Gape of Quilates on the East and the More headland to the West. It is known also by the name of Alhucemas as well as by that of San Jurjo, the town founded by the Spaniards in 1926; today, it is the capital of the province. The origin of the old place name as well as the new one poses unsolved problems. In classical antiquity the bay seems to have had no particular name, for the Itinerary of Antonius merely indicates the two groups of three islets: ad sex insulas. The …

(al-Maḥallī on coins) al-filālī al-sid̲j̲ilmāssī , the name by which abu ’l-ʿabbās aḥmad b. ʿabd allāh is known, one of the chief pretenders who took part in the ruin of Morocco during the agony of the Saʿdid [ q.v.] dynasty and whose brief spell of success has a useful illustrative value. We know by his autobiography, which forms the beginning of his still-unpublished book, the Kitāb Iṣlīt al-k̲h̲irrīt fi ’l-ḳaṭʿ bi-ʿulūm al-ʿifrīt , but which al-Ifrānī gives in his Nuzha , that he was born at Sid̲j̲ilmāssa in 967/1559-60 into a family of jurists, whi…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ṭayyīb b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Ḥasanī al-Ḳādirī , s̲h̲arīf , Moroccan historian and biographer, born in Fās on 7 Rabīʿ I 1124/14 April 1712, died in the same town on 25 S̲h̲aʿbān 1187/11 November 1773. He was a pupil of the leading scholars of his time but, unlike them, throughout his life revealed an almost complete detachment from the good things of this world. Quite early he turned to Ṣūfism and, to make his living, was content to act as an ʿādil (legal witness to a deed). Al-Ḳādirī left a fairly considerable number of writings…

1. General. Originally the essential part of a country or a town, its heart, and later (a) fortified castle, residence of an authority in the centre of a country or a town; and (b) principal town, chief town. In the first sense the word occurs especially in the Muslim West, where it designates, outside the towns, the residence of an important personage (particularly in the Atlas) or a garrison billeted in a fortress and, within the towns, the citadel seat of government; in the latter sense it corresponds to the ḳalʿa of the East. A particularly interesting development of the word, always…

, pl. aḥwāz (coll. ḥwāz ): (1)—Territory, suburb, environs of a large town, in North Africa and especially in Morocco, where the word appeared at the beginning of the 10th/16th century: attested for Fās in Leo Africanus ( Description de l’ Afrique , trans. Epaulard, i, Paris 1956) and for Marrākus̲h̲ in manuscript documents ( Sources inédites , 1st series, Portugal, ii, Paris 1939 [P. de Cénival] and v, Paris 1953 [R. Ricard]). It was already employed in Muslim Andalusia with the same meaning, and has given rise to the Spanish alfoz , district (L. Brunot, Textes arabes de Rabat …

, form generally used by Arabic authors for the name of the Turkish Og̲h̲uz people. The origin of the Og̲h̲uz, which for long was obscure because of the diversity of the transcriptions of the names of peoples in the Chinese, Arabic, Byzantine and other sources, seems to have been clarified by J. Hamilton, Toguz Oghuz et On-Uyghur , in JA, ccl/1 (1962), 23-64. At the beginning of the 7th century A.D. there was formed, among the eastern Turkish T’ie-lo tribes, a confederation of Nine Clans = Toḳuz Og̲h̲uz (a form known to the Arabic authors), who revolted…

, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abi ’l-ʿĀfiya al-Miknāsī , a Moroccan polygraph whose biographical works are highly regarded, was born in Fās in 960/1553, of a famous family belonging to the large tribe of the Zanāta [ q.v.]. His father supervised his education and made him undertake serious study with the best teachers in the Mag̲h̲rib, in particular with s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf al-Fāsī. After this he even won a certain renown as an expert on arithmetic and…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Miṣbāḥ , Idrīsid s̲h̲arīf and Moroccan author of a highly esteemed hagiographic dictionary. He was born in S̲h̲afs̲h̲āwān (Chechaouen) in 936/1529-30; his father is said to have suffered at the hands of the infidels; his mother, herself an Idrīsid, left a great reputation for saintliness. After moving from place to place in his country, he was appointed by the Saʿdid sultan Mawlāy ʿAbd Allāh, in 967/1559-60, to be ḳāḍī and muftī of the little town of Ḳṣar Kutāma. In 969/1562 he made a long stay in south…

, Berber “stone”, “pebble”, and above all, “rock”, the name of numerous villages in North Africa dominated by a rock or built at its ¶ foot, on its slopes or on its summit. One of these in Morocco, in the middle of the ancient province of the Fazāz and lying at 1,200 m. height, has become a small town of 15,000 inhabitants. In 1901, the Marquis de Segonzac estimated the population at only 1,400 (woodcutters, including 200 Ayt Mūsā Jews), and in 1940 there were still only 3,500. Azrū is well-placed at the junction of two great imperial highways, now modernised: Fās to Marrakesh, and…

(pl. Ḥasaniyyūn ), name of the ʿAlīd [ q.v.] s̲h̲arīf s descended from al-Ḥasan, son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima. Ḥasanī is thus contrasted with Ḥusaynī , the name of the descendants of their second son. In Morocco, the surname of Ḥasanī is particularly reserved to those s̲h̲arīfs descended from Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, son of ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmil [ q.v.] in order to distinguish them from their Idrīsid [ q.v.] cousins. The Ḥasanī family have played a considerable part in the history of the Mag̲h̲rib and the Western Sahara, not only by reason of their number but also i…

, Abū Bakr b. ʿUmar b. Tāglāgīn al-Ṣanhād̲j̲ī , war leader of the Almoravids [see al-murābiṭūn ] and above all, the real founder of one of the historic capitals of Morocco, Marrakesh (Murrākis̲h̲ [ q.v.]). He was the brother of Yaḥyā b. ʿUmar who became, at the death of the pious ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Yaḥyā b. Ibrāhīm al-Gazūlī, amīr of the Berber confederation of Ṣanhād̲j̲a nomads of the parts of the Sahara bordering on the Atlantic (Lamtūna, Gudāla and Massūfa). The two brothers were the first to rejoin, after his hid̲j̲ra , the Mālikī reformer ʿAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn in his ribāṭ [ q.v.] of Nā (?), situate…

( masd̲j̲id ), a celebrated mosque and Islamic university at Fās, in Morocco. i.—Archaeological Study The architectural history of the mosque, already sketched by the late H. Terrasse, in the article fās [ q.v.], heading “Monuments”, is sufficiently well-known. It has been revised by the same author in a comprehensive work: La Mosquée al-Qarawiyyin à Fès , avec une étude de G. Deverdun, sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée, Paris 1968. Three stages can be distinguished there (Pl. 1). A. The first edifice was built, on the left bank of the Wādī Fās, in 245/859 and …

[II], Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ Idrīs , son of the above, was born in Fās where he made a serious study of literature. As private secretary to sultan Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Rahmān, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to the French emperor Napoleon III. His task was to solicit his intervention with the Spanish government, in order to secure a reduction in the indemnity owed by Morocco after the unfortunate Hispano-Moroccan war of 1845. During July and August 1860, he spent six weeks in Paris where he left excellent impressions. From his journey he brought back an account ( riḥla ) entitled Tuḥfat al-malik al-ʿa…

, his full name being Abū ʿAbd ʿAllāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Muḥammad b. Saʿīd al-Awsī al-Anṣārī al-Marrākus̲h̲ī , chief ḳāḍī in Marrākus̲h̲ under the Marīnids, and author of a biographical dictionary indispensable for a knowledge of the illustrious men of the Muslim West. He was born, probably in Marrākus̲h̲, on 14 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 634/9 July 1237 and died in Tlemcen in 703/1303-4. His work, still in manuscript, comprises several volumes and bears the title al-D̲h̲ayl wa ’l-takmila li-kitābayni ’l-Mawṣūl wa ’l-Ṣila , that is to say Sequel and Complement to the Kitāb al-Ma…

i-v.—See Vol. iii. vi.— In Morocco . This office, which existed already in the Almohad organisation, though with a very modest role, appears again under the Marīnids (J. Temporal, translator of Leo Africanus, calls the ḥād̲j̲ib “chief of the menials”, and A. Epaulard, another translator, makes him “a chamberlain”, head of the “court attendants”) and was still alive under the Saʿdids. Under the ʿAlawids, the ḥād̲j̲ib was for long the most important official of the S̲h̲arīfian palace. He was specifically designated as the intermediary between the sovereign and the high officials on the Ma…

(“the rock of the vulture”), a fortress founded by the last Idrīsids [ q.v.] in a natural mountainous retreat, placed by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn among the dependencies of the town of al-Baṣra [ q.v.]. Its site has now been identified in the territory occupied by the small tribe of the Sumatra, east-north-east of the Moroccan town of al-Ḳaṣr al-Kabīr (Alcazarquivir). It is reported to have been known also by the name of Ḥad̲j̲ar al-S̲h̲urafāʾ. In 317/929-30 the Banū Muḥammad, expelled from Fās after the assassination of their prince, the…