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, son ofthe famous ḥuwārī of the Prophet, al-Zubair, and brother of the anti-Caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubair. Handsome, chivalrous, generous to the most foolish prodigality, he resembled his elder brother ʿAbd Allāh and the family of the Zubairids only in his bravery and in fits of severity in exacting punishment ¶ which bordered on barbarity. He began his military career at the beginning of the caliphate of Marwān I by a badly planned invasion of Palestine. Later sent as governor to Baṣra by his brother ʿAbd Allāh, he soon found himself called t…

, daughter of the Caliph ʿOmar and wife of the Prophet. She had first married the Ḳurais̲h̲ī Ḵh̲unais b. Ḥud̲h̲āfa, who had died childless in Medina soon after the battle of Badr. She must then have been about 20 years of age. Muḥammad, who wished to secure ʿOmar’s co-operation, married her after the “day” of Uḥud. She was once repudiated, it is not known on what grounds, but was restored to favour by divine command in consideration of her Muslim virtues, i. e. her devotion to prayer and fasting…

, daughter of the Kalbī chief Baḥdal b. Unaif [q. v.], mother of the Caliph Yazīd I. We do not know if after her marriage with Muʿāwiya she retained the Christian religion which had been that of her family and of her tribe. A few verses axe attributed to her in which she sighs for the desert and shows very slight attachment for her husband. But the attribution to Maisūn of this fragment of poetry, which is in any case old, has been rightly disputed. She took a great interest in the education of …

(Hebrew Bēt S̲h̲eʾān, Greek Scythopolis), one of the first towns conquered by the Arabs, in Western Palestine. A system of dams and canals, collecting the waters of several large streams, irrigated and drained the neighbourhood. To defend the town against the invaders, the Byzantine garrison broke through the dams so that vast marshes were formed, which still exist, in which the Arab cavalry were almost engulfed. This obstacle was overcome and Baisān opened its gates. It formed part of the d̲j̲und of Jordan, created by the new masters of Syria. It was the native town of the…

The above is the traditional genealogical tree of Ḏj̲ud̲h̲ām, the eponymous ancestor of the Banū Ḏj̲ud̲h̲ām. Ḏj̲ud̲h̲ām is only a nickname, his real name being ʿAmr. He was the brother of ʿĀmila and Lak̲h̲m; i. e. in the first century a. h. these three tribes were believed to he very closely related. By this time the Ḏj̲ud̲h̲ām had absorbed the Lak̲h̲m. Their Yamanīte descent was not so readily accepted. Muḍar and more particularly the Banū Asad b. Ḵh̲uzaima claimed Ḏj̲ud̲h̲ām as a Muḍarite tribe which had in early times migrated to Ye…

, a poet, contemporary with the Prophet. He was the brother of Mālik b. Nuwaira [q. v.], chief of the Banū Yarbūʿ, a large clan of the Banū Tamīm. Mutammira owes his fame to the elegies in which he lamented the tragic death of his brother Mālik and these poems have made the latter’s name immortal. The Arabs said there was nothing comparable to these elegies, overflowing with emotion. They regarded their author as the type of brotherly devotion. Mutammim does not seem to have played any prominent part before the Hid̲j̲ra. He was eclipsed by the striking personality of his b…

b. unayf b. wald̲j̲a b. ḳunāfa belonged to the clan of the Banū Ḥarit̲h̲a b. Ḏj̲anāb, which was also called al-Bayt or the aristocracy of Kalb. A Christian like the great majority of his tribe, his chief claim to fame is that he was the father of ¶ Maysūn, mother of Yazīd I. His nomad clan lived to the south of the ancient Palmyra, whither Maysūn afterwards brought the young Yazīd, and where the Umayyads reunited after the congress of D̲j̲ābiya and the battle of Mard̲j̲ Rāhiṭ. Baḥdal was thus the founder of the great pr…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh or Abū ʿĪsā, son of the famous Companion of the Prophet al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.] and brother of the anti-caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.]. Handsome, chivalrous, generous to the utmost ¶ degree of prodigality, he resembled his older brother and the Zubayrid family only in his courage and outbursts of severity in repression. He began his military career at the outset of the caliphate of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, with an ill-conceived expedition in Palestine. His name has gone down in history chiefly owing to his campaign, in his capa…

(or Daḥya ) b. K̲h̲alīfa al-Kalbī , Companion of the Prophet and a somewhat mysterious character. He is traditionally represented as a rich merchant of such outstanding beauty that the Angel Gabriel took his features; and, when he arrived at Medina, all the women ( muʿṣir , see LA, root. ʿṣr ) came out to see him (Ḳurʾān, LXII, n, may be an allusion to this occurrence). There is no reason to accept the suggestion put forward by Lammens ( EI 1, s.v.) of some commercial connexion with Muḥammad; we only know that a sudden death put ¶ a stop to a projected marriage between a niece of Diḥya and …

, daughter of the Kalbī chief Baḥdal b. Unayf [ q.v.], mother of the caliph Yazīd I. We do not know if after her marriage with Muʿāwiya she retained the Christian religion which had been that of her family and of her tribe. A few verses are attributed to her in which she sighs for the desert and shows very slight attachment for her husband (see Nöldeke, Delectus , 25). But the attribution to Maysūn of this fragment of poetry, which is in any case old, has been rightly disputed. She took a great interest in the education of her son Yazīd and…

, an Arab tribe, especially influential in the pre-Islamic period. With the exception of the Lak̲h̲mid family [see lak̲h̲mids ] in ʿIrāḳ, so frequently celebrated in the old Arab poetry, the pre-Islamic history of this family is not well-known and is full of legend. According to the traditional genealogy, Lak̲h̲m was of Yemenī origin and was the brother of D̲j̲ud̲h̲ām and ʿĀmila [ q.vv.]. Yemenīs and Maʿaddīs claimed descent from the powerful Lak̲h̲mid dynasty of ʿIrāḳ. Of the three sister-tribes, Lak̲h̲m was undoubtedly the most illustrious and the oldest also. Legend …

, Syria, etymologically, “the left-hand region”, because in ancient Arab usage the speaker in western or central Arabia was considered to face the rising sun and to have Syria on his left and the Arabian peninsula, with Yaman (“the rig̲h̲thand region”), on his right (cf. al-Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲ ., iii, 140-1 = § 992; al-Muḳaddasī, partial French tr. A. Miquel, La meilleure …

, the principal residence of the amīrs of G̲h̲assān, and for that reason known as “D̲j̲ābiya of kings”, situated in D̲j̲awlān [ q.v.], about 80 km. south of Damascus, not far from the site of the modern Nawā. It extended over several hills, hence perhaps the poetic form of plural D̲j̲awābī, with an allusion to the etymological sense of “reservoir”, the symbol of generosity (cf. Ag̲h̲ānī , xviii, 72). It was the perfect type of ancient bedouin ḥirt̲h̲ā/ḥīra , a huge encampment where nomads settled down, a jumble of tents and buildings; there is even a record of a Christian monastery there. At the present time the site is marked by a vigorous spring and pastures still visited by the bedouins of the Syrian desert. Even after it had disappeared, its memory was perpetuated by the name of the south-west gate in the Damascus wall, Bāb al-Ḏj̲ābiya. The Arab conquest still further increased its importance. From an early date a large camp was established there, the principal one in the…

general in the service of Muʿāwiya. He belonged to the powerful tribe of Sulaym (hence "al-Sulamī"); his mother was a Christian and his father had fought at Uḥud in the ranks of the Ḳurays̲h̲. The son, who does not seem to have belonged to the closest circle of the Prophet, went, probably with the army commanded by Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān, to Syria. In the battle of the Yarmūk he was in charge of a detachment, and from that time he followed faithfully the fortunes of the Umayyads. He thus exposed hi…

, an old tribe in North-Western Arabia. The reports concerning their past (al-Ṭabarī, i, 685; Ag̲h̲ānī 2, xi, 155) are unworthy of belief. In the later geuealogic system the ʿĀmila are reckoned as belonging to the South-Arabian Kahlān [cf. d̲j̲ud̲h̲ām ]. At the time of the Muslim invasion we find them settled S. E. of the Dead Sea; they are mentioned among the Syro-Arabian tribes which joined Heraclius (al-Balād̲h̲urī, 59; al-Ṭabarī, i, 2347); but do not appear again in the history of the conquest. Shortly afterw…

b. Saʿd b. Rabīʿa al-Naṣrī , Bedouin chief and contemporary of Muḥammad, who belonged to the clan of the Banū Naṣr b. Muʿāwiya of the powerful Ḳaysī tribe of the ¶ Hawāzin, whom he commanded at the battle of Ḥunayn [ q.v.] against the Muslims; it is mainly through this rôle that he has achieved a place in history. We know little about his early history, but one may assume that he early found opportunities to display his personal bravery. He was still amrad , beardless, that is, barely out of his first years of adolescence ( Ag̲h̲ānī 1, xix, 81) when he commanded a detachment of the Hawāzin i…

poet and notable of the Tamīmī clan of the Banū G̲h̲udāna, at Baṣra. Born probably shortly before the Hid̲j̲ra, he appears while still young to have been a follower of the prophetess Sad̲j̲āḥi [ q.v.] and then, having settled in Baṣra, he fought at the battle of the Camel [see al-d̲j̲amal ] against ʿAlī, but afterwards joined his cause; however, as soon as Ziyād arrived in ʿIrāḳ in 45/666 he became a fervent supporter of the new governor, who finally entered him on the tribal pay-roll of the Ḳurays̲h̲ to increase his emolum…

, chief of the Banū Ḵh̲uzāʿa, a tribe living near Mecca, who served Muḥammad as spies, kept him informed of the enterprises of the Ḳurays̲h̲, and, after the agreement at Ḥudaybiya (6/628), were his allies. Budayl appears for the first time in the camp at Ḥudaybiya, to tell Muḥammad that the Meccans are armed to resist him. On his return he carried the Prophet’s proposals to Mecca, where he had a dār . The Banū Ḵh̲uzāʿa took refuge there during their war with the Banū Bakr, when the Ḳurays̲h̲ took the side of the latter, their clients, against t…

b. ʿAdī al-Kindī , a S̲h̲īʿī agitator of the earliest period of Islam. The oldest authorities deny that he was a Companion of the Prophet and reject the legend that he conquered the district of Mard̲j̲ ʿAd̲h̲rāʾ, in Syria. Ḥud̲j̲r threw himself heart and soul into ʿAlī’s cause and fought for him at the ‘battle of the Camel’ [see d̲j̲amal ] and at Ṣiffīn. We later find him in Egypt with Muḥammad, son of the Caliph Abū Bakr, who was governing this province in ʿAlī’s name. After ʿAlī’s son Ḥasan had given up his claim to the Caliphate, Ḥud̲j̲r became the mo…

b. abī arṭāt or b. arṭāt (there is less authority for the latter form), an Arab general of the Ḳurays̲h̲ clan of the Banū ʿĀmir, was born in Mecca in the last decade before the Hid̲j̲ra. Only traditions which have been influenced by S̲h̲īʿī prejudices deny him the title of Ṣaḥābī. He went with the relief column into Syria under Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd, distinguished himself there by his bravery and afterwards took part in the conquest of Africa. His bravery earned him a duʿāʾ and rewards from ʿUmar. During the civil war he vigorously declared himself on the s…