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Burus̲h̲aski

(227 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D. N.
is the language of the Burūs̲h̲o, who form the majority of the population of the isolated principalities of Hunza and Nagir [ q.v.] in the western Karakoram. It is probably used by about 20,000 persons. A closely related dialect, called Werčikwār, is spoken in the Yāsin valley further west towards Čitrāl. The language was no doubt formerly current over a larger territory than at present. Al-though it shares much vocabulary with the Dardic languages S̲h̲iṇa of Gilgit and Khowār of Čitrāl [see dardic and kāfir languages ], Burus̲h̲aski has no known genetic rel…

Bahdīnān

(433 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D. N.
, Bādīnān, territoire kurde au Nord et au Nord-est de la plaine d’al-Mawṣil. Depuis les dernières années du califat ʿabbāside, vers 600/ 1203, jusqu’au milieu du XIIIe/XIXe siècle, la région était une principauté qui dépendait de ʿAmādiya ([ q.v.], kurde: Āmēdī). Elle comprenait ʿAḳra (kurde: Ākrē), S̲h̲ūs̲h̲ et les territoires Zēbārīs sur le Grand Zāb à l’Est, Dahūk et, par intervalles Zāk̲h̲ū, à l’Ouest. Les principautés de Bōhtān et de Ḥakārī la limitaient au Nord, celle de Sōrān au Sud. La famille éponyme Bahāʾ al-dīn venait à l’origine de S̲h̲ams al-dīnān (kurde: S̲h̲amdīnān [ q.v.]…

Burus̲h̲aski

(224 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D. N.
, langue des Burūs̲h̲o qui constituent la majorité de la population des principautés isolées de Hunza et Nagir [ q.v.] dans le Karakorum occidental. Probablement parlé par 20 000 personnes, il était sans nul doute en usage autrefois sur un territoire plus étendu. Un dialecte étroitement apparenté, le werčikwār, est parlé dans la vallée de Yāṣin, plus à l’Ouest, vers le Čitral. Bien qu’une bonne partie de son vocabulaire soit commun aux langues dardiques, le s̲h̲iṇa de Gilgit et le khowār du Čitral, le burus̲h̲aski…

Hunza et Nagir

(538 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D. N.
, deux principautés situées à l’extrême Ouest de la chaîne de montagnes de Karakoram, entre le Gilgit au Sud, l’Is̲h̲komān à l’Ouest, le Wāk̲h̲ān afghan au Nord, et le Turkestan chinois au Nord et à l’Est, c.-à-d. à peu près entre 74°10′ et 75°20′ E., 36°10′; et 37° N. Toute la région est extrêmement accidentée et montagneuse et en majeure partie inhabitable. Des installations permanentes n’existent que dans les vallées des cours d’eau où la culture en terrasses et l’irrigation des pentes montag…

Bād̲j̲alān

(319 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D. N.
, tribu autrefois importante dont les deux branches survivantes sont maintenant établies en Irak. La branche principale occupe la région de Bin Ḳudra et Ḳuratū, au Nord de Khānaḳīn. Une branche cadette, connue sous divers noms : Bad̲j̲lān, Bād̲j̲wān ou Bēd̲j̲wān, se trouve dans la région de S̲h̲abak [ q.v.], sur la rive gauche du Tigre, en face d’al-Mawṣil. Bien que la tribu ait toujours été connue comme tribu kurde, cela ne doit être entendu que dans un sens large, tous les nomades de la région du Zagros, y compris les Gūrān [ q.v.] et les Lurs, étant tenus pour des Kurdes par leurs vo…

Gūrān

(1,022 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, an Iranian people, now reduced to between 4,000 and 5,000 houses, inhabiting an area north of the main road from Kirmāns̲h̲āh to the Persian frontier near Ḳaṣr-i S̲h̲īrīn and comprising the slopes of the Kūh-i S̲h̲āhān—Dālāhū mountain. The Gūrān ‘capital’ is Gahwāra, lying 60 km. due west of Kirmāns̲h̲āh in the valley of the Zimkān, a southern tributary of the Sīrwān. An isolated community occupies the village of Kandūla, 40 km. north-east of Kirmāns̲h̲āh, near the site of Dīnawar. Other, more numerous branches are formed by the Bād̲j̲alān and the tribes of the Hawrāmān [ qq.v.]. An older…

Hamawand

(265 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, also ḥamawand (generally Arabicized as Aḥmadwand, though Ḥama is the normal hypocoristic form of Muḥammad), a small Kurdish tribe of obscure origins, numbering about 10,000 souls, now settled mainly in the Čamčamāl and Bāzyān districts west of Sulaymāniya, in ʿIrāḳ. The chief family is divided into the four branches Ramawand, Ṣafarwand, Ras̲h̲awand and Bagzāda. Ag̲h̲as of this family were until recently established in some fifty villages of the area, having both tribal followers and client villagers in their service. With the exception of one offshoot, which went to S̲h̲ī…

Bād̲j̲alān

(318 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
Both surviving branches of this formerly larger tribe are now settled in ʿIrāḳ. The main branch occupies the area of Bin Ḳudra and Ḳuratū, north of Ḵh̲ānaḳīn. An offshoot, known variously as Bad̲j̲lān, Bād̲j̲wān or Bēd̲j̲wān, is to be found in the S̲h̲abak [ q.v.] area on the left bank of the river Tigris opposite Mawṣil. Although the tribehas always been known as a Kurdish one this is only so in the wide sense that all nomads of the Zagros area, including the Gūrān [ q.v.] and the Lurs, are considered by their neighbours to be Kurds. In fact, all Bād̲j̲alānīs appear to speak a …

Hawrāmān

(389 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, Avroman , a mountainous region of the southern Zagros lying west of Sanandad̲j̲ (Senna) on the western border of Īrān. It extends for approximately 50 km. south-east from a point 46° 0′ E., 35° 30′ N., to the river Sīrwān. The Hawrāmān mountain (Avroman Dagh, 2626 m.) forms a northern extension of the S̲h̲āhō range, from which it is separated by the Sīrwān. Parallel to both ranges, east of the river, is the Kō (or Kūh-i) Sālān (2597 m.). The chief products of the area are various orchard fruits, walnuts, gall-apples and mastic. The population is a branch of the Gūrān [ q.v.] and numbers perhaps…

Bahdīnān

(424 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, bādīnān , the Kurdish territory to the north and north-east of the Mawṣil plain. From the latter years of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate, circa 600/1200, until the middle of the 13th/19th century the area was a principality ruled from ʿAmādiya ([ q.v.], Kurdish Āmēdī ). It included ʿAḳra (Kurd. Ākrē ), S̲h̲ūs̲h̲, and the Zēbārī lands on the Great Zāb river to the east and Dahūk, and occasionally Zāk̲h̲ū, to the west. The principalities of Bōhtān and Ḥakārī bounded it in the north, and that of Sōrān in the south. The eponymous Bahāʾ al-Dīn family came originally from S̲h̲ams al-Dīnān (Kurd. S̲h̲amdīnā…

Hunza and Nagir

(494 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, two principalities in the extreme west of the Karakoram range of mountains, lie between Gilgit in the south, Ishkomān in the west, Afg̲h̲ān Wāk̲h̲ān in the north, and Chinese Turkistān in the north and east, i.e., approximately between 74° 10′ and 75° 20′ E. and 36° 10′ and 37° N. The whole area is extremely rugged and mountainous and for the most part uninhabitable. Permanent settlements exist only in the river valleys where terracing and irrigation of the mountainsides is possible, p…

Gūrān

(1,067 words)

Author(s): MacKenzie, D.N.
, peuple iranien qui n’occupe plus, actuellement, que de 4 à 5 000 maisons, dans une région située au Nord de la route principale menant de Kirmāns̲h̲āh à la frontière persane près de Ḳaṣr-i S̲h̲īrīn et comprenant les versants de la montagne Kūh-i S̲h̲āhān-Dālāhū. La «capitale» des Gūrān est Gahwāra, située à une distance de 60 km. à l’Ouest de Kirmāns̲h̲āh dans la vallée du Zimkān, affluent méridional du Sīrwān. Une communauté isolée occupe le village de Kandūla, à 40 km. au Nord-est de Kirmāns…

al-Ḳabḳ

(11,847 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | MacKenzie, D.N.
, D̲j̲abal al-Ḳabḳ (the most common rendering), al-Ḳabk̲h̲ ( e.g., Masʿūdī) or al-Ḳabd̲j̲ ( e.g. Ṭabarī, Yāḳūt), Turkish Kavkaz, the name given by the Muslims to the Caucasus Mountains. The form ḳabḳ may derive from Middle Persian kāfkōh “the mountain of Kāf”, Armenian kapkoh ; in Firdawsī we find the Caucasus called kūh-i ḳāf (Hübschmann, Armenische Grammatik , i, 45, cf. Marquart, Ērānšahr , 94). A village called Ḳabḳ is also mentioned by Ibn Rusta, 173, tr. Wiet, 201, as being the first stage on the road from Harāt to Isfizār and Sīstān. 1. Topography and ethnology. The Caucasus became k…

Kurds, Kurdistān

(55,434 words)

Author(s): Bois, Th. | Minorsky, V. | MacKenzie, D.N.
¶ i.—General Introduction The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey, S̲h̲īʿi Iran, Arab and Sunnī ʿIrāḳ and North Syria, and Soviet Transcaucasia. The economic and strategic importance of this land, Kurdistān, is undeniable. Since the end of the First World War, the Kurdish people, like all the rest of their neighbours, have undergone considerable transformations as much in the political order as in the economic, social and cultural domain. …

Iḍāfa

(2,386 words)

Author(s): Fleisch, H. | MacKenzie, D.N. | Eckmann, J.
, infinitive of the verb aḍāfa ( ilā ) “to unite (with)”, has became a term in Arabic grammar. In the Kitāb of Sībawayhi it has at first a very wide meaning: it is inserted into the theory of the d̲j̲arr (genitive) [the Kūfans say k̲h̲afḍ ] set out in Chapter 100. There we find: “al-D̲j̲arr is found only in nouns that are muḍāf ilayhi” , that is: “that have received an adjunction”, the muḍāf being that which is “added”. It is the iḍāfa , the fact of having united one term with another, that requires the d̲j̲arr ( Mufaṣṣal , § 110), but the “operator” of this putting into the d̲j̲arr, the ʿāmil , is the ḥarf al…

Kurdes Et Kurdistān

(53,718 words)

Author(s): Bois, Th. | Minorsky, V. | MacKenzie, D.N.
Sommaire de l’article: I. — Généralités. II. — Les Kurdes et leur pays: le Kurdistān. A. — Extension territoriale du Kurdistān. B. — Ex tension ethnique et géographique du Kurdistān. C. — Extension numérique du Kurdistān. D. — Géographie du Kurdistān. 1. — Aspect physique. 2. — Visage vivant. 3. — Visage humain. E. — Profil anthropologique du Kurdistān. III. — Histoire. A. — Origines et histoire préislamique. B. — Période islamique jusqu’à 1920. C. — De 1920 à nos jours. IV. — La société kurde. A. — Les structures fondamentales de la société kurde. 1. — La famille kurde. 2. — L’organisation trib…

Ḥāʾ

(1,197 words)

Author(s): Fleisch, H. | MacKenzie, D. N. | Burton-Page, J.
, 26e lettre de l’alphabet arabe, transcrite h; valeur numérique: 5, comme dans l’alphabet syriaque (et cananéen) [voir Abd̲j̲ad]. Il continue un h du sémitique commun. Définition: spirante glottale sourde; selon la tradition grammaticale arabe: rik̲h̲wa mahmūsa; pour le mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: aḳṣā l-ḥalḳ «la partie la plus reculée de la gorge» (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal 2, § 732). Un h sonore peut se rencontrer après un phonème sonore, mais ce n’est pas un trait distinctif (voir J. Cantineau, Cours, 75). La pause peut développer un h pour appuyer la voyelle brève finale du mot qua…

al-Ḳabḳ

(12,444 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C. E. | MacKenzie, D. N.
, Ḏj̲abal al-Ḳabḳ (appellation la plus courante), al-Ḳabk̲h̲ (chez al-Masʿūdī, p. ex.) ou al-Ḳabd̲j̲ (p. ex. chez al-Ṭabarī et Yāḳūt), en turc Kavkaz, nom donné par les Musulmans aux montagnes du Caucase. La forme ḳabḳ pourrait dériver du moyen persan kāfkoh, la montagne de Kāf (en arménien kapkoh); chez Firdawsī, le Caucase est appelé kuh-i ḳāf (Hübschmann, Armenische Grammatik, I, 45; cf. Marquart, Ērānšahr, 94). Ibn Rusta (173; tr. Wiet, 201) indique également qu’un village appelé Ḳabḳ marque la première étape de la route allant de Harāt à Isfizār et au Sīstān. 1. —Topographie et et…

Iḍāfa

(2,314 words)

Author(s): Fleisch, H. | MacKenzie, D. N. | Eckmann, J.
, infinitif du verbe aḍāfa (ilā) «adjoindre (à) » est devenu un terme de la grammaire arabe. Dans le Kitāb de Sībawayhi, il a d’abord un sens très large: il s’insère dans la théorie du d̲j̲arr (génitif) [ k̲h̲afḍ disaient les Kūfiens] exposée au chapitre 100. Il y est dit: « al-Ḏj̲arr ne se rencontre que dans tout nom qui est muḍāf ilayhi», c’est-à-dire: «qui a reçu une adjonction», le muḍāf étant 1’ «ajouté». C’est l’ iḍāfa, le fait d’avoir adjoint un terme à l’autre, qui pose l’exigence du d̲j̲arr (Mufaṣṣal, § 110), mais ¶ l’opérateur de cette mise au d̲j̲arr, le ʿāmil, est le ḥarf al-d̲j̲arr (pré…

CHORASMIA

(8,973 words)

Author(s): Rapoport, Yuri Aleksandrovich | Bosworth, C. Edmund | MacKenzie, D. N.
region on the lower reaches of the Oxus (Amu Darya) in western Central Asia.A version of this article is available in printVolume V, Fascicle 5, pp. 511-520 CHORASMIA (Gk. Chorasmiē < OPers. (H)uwārazmiš, Av. Xᵛāirizəm, later Ḵᵛārazm [Khwārazm], generally derived from * hwāra-zam/zmī-, either “nourishing land” [Burnouf, p. cviii; Sachau, p. 473; Geiger, p. 29;  Pauly-Wissowa III/2, cols. 2406-8] or “lowland” [Lerch, p. 447; Veselovskiĭ, p. v; Kiepert, no. 60; MacKenzie,  Camb. Hist. Iran III/2, p. 1244; Bogolyubov, p. 370, has suggested “land with good cattle enclo…
Date: 2022-04-21
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