Search

[English edition] 1. أقدم الجاليات المسلمة الموطّنة في أوروبا الشّرقيّة يمكن أن تنقسم الجاليات المسلمة في أوروبا ككلّ إلى مجموعتين مختلفتين: من جهة أولى الجاليات القديمة التي تكوّنت في الماضي البعيد أو نتيجة لتقلّبات التّاريخ، في عدد من البلدان (اليونان، وبلغاريا، ورومانيا، وألبانيا، ويوغوسلافيا، وهنغاريا، وبولونيا، وفنلندا)؛ ومن جهة أخرى الجاليات الجديدة التي تكوّنت في زمن أحدث بكثير في البلدان الصّناعيّة (فرنسا، وبريطانيا العظمى، وألمانيا، وبلجيكا، وهو لندا، والسّويد، إلخ.)، نتيجة لتدفّق المهاجرين المتو…

(a.), a word whose sing, maẓlima denotes an unjust or oppressive action. Closely related to ẓulm , it is an antonym to ʿadl [ q.v.] and thus signifies basically something "not in its right place" ( LA). At an early stage in the development of Islamic institutions of government, maẓālim came to denote the structure through which the temporal authorities took direct responsibility for dispensing justice. Precedents for the institution of maẓālim can be found in Byzantium and, more particularly, in the Sāsānid bureaucratic office which functioned as a jurisdiction par…

(a.), Muslims. 1. The old-established Muslim communities of Eastern Europe. The Muslim communities of Europe as a whole may be divided into two distinct groups: on the one hand, the old communities, formed in the distant, or very distant past, through the vicissitudes of history, in a certain number of countries (Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, Albania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland and Finland); and on the other hand, the new communities, established much more recently, in the industrialised countries (France, …

(a.), a military-administrative term most conveniently translated as police. The basic meaning of the root s̲h̲-r-ṭ is “to separate or to distinguish something out of a larger entity”, thus an élite force within an army or, according to some sources, criminals who separate themselves from the social order, and thence those whose function it is to bring them to book. An individual in such a unit is a s̲h̲urṭī , plural s̲h̲uraṭ or more popularly s̲h̲urṭiyya . 1. In the central lands of the caliphate. The term s̲h̲urṭa is among the earliest of the Arabic sources…