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(a.), traditionnellement traduit par sulfure d’antimoine, est synonyme, dans les sources géographiques arabes et persanes, d’ it̲h̲mid et de surma. Il venait d’abord d’Iran, où les localités suivantes en produisaient: au Ḵh̲urāsān, Ṭūs ( Ḥudūd al-ʿalam, éd. Sutūda et trad. Minorsky 103: surma) et Gūzzān ( ibid., 107: sa…

, Paisā (hindi), forme anglaise: «pice», monnaie de cuivre de l’Inde britannique = 3 pies ¶ [voir Pāʾī] ou ¼ d’ anna. Sous les Mug̲h̲als, le nom de paisā a été appliqué au dām créé par S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh comme unité de monnaie de cuivre valant l/40e de roupie; cependant, le nom porté d’ordinaire sur les pièces est fulūs ou rewānī. Paisā est le nom générique des nombreuses pièces de cuivre frappées aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles par les États indigènes issus de l’empire mug̲h̲al (voir J. Prinsep, Useful tables, éd. E. Thomas, Londres 1858, 62-3). Dans l’Inde et le Pakistan actuels, 100 …

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(P. lārī) pièce d’argent courante dans le golfe Persique et l’océan Indien aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Elle tire son nom de Lār, la capitale du Lāristān, où elle fut tout d’abord frappée; voir Pedro Texeira, ( Travels, Hakluyt Soc, Londres 1902, 341): «il y a aussi la ville de Lar . . . d’où vient le nom de laris, pièce de monnaie du plus pur argent, très bien frappée, et courante à travers tout l’Orient», et Sir Thomas Herbert parlant de Lār en 1627 ( Some years’ travels, Londres 1665, 130): «près de ce bazar, on frappe les larins, pièces de monnaie très connues». Le larin pesait e…

, nom donné dans le système monétaire de l’empereur mug̲h̲al Akbar au quart de dām (quart de paysā). (J. Allan)

, pièce de monnaie indienne, roupie. A la fin du IXe/XVe et au,début du Xe/XVIe ¶ siècles, la tanka [ q.v.] d’argent des sultans de Dihlī était si dévaluée que lorsque S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh (947-52/1540-5) réforma la monnaie, ce nom ne put plus être donné à une monnaie d’argent. A sa nouvelle pièce d’argent, correspondant à l’ancienne tanka d’argent fin, il donna do…

, pièce de monnaie d’or indienne; ce nom est le persan muhr, emprunté au sanscrit mudrā, «sceau» ou «coin». Il se rencontre pour la première fois sur une monnaie de Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ où il signifie littéralement «cacheté» ou «scellé». Vers le Xe/XVIe siècle, ce mot était employé pour désigner de façon plutôt populaire que technique les pièces d’or en général. On a frappé très peu de monnaie d’or dans l’Inde durant les deux siècles précédant le règne d’A…

, district de la circonscription de Rohilkhānd au Nord-ouest de l’Uttar Pradesh, dans l’Union indienne (--United Provinces de l’Inde britannique), qui couvre une superficie de 5 930 km2 et possède une population (recensement de 1961) de 1 973 530 âmes, dont, à l’époque, 62% d’Hindous et 37% de Musulmans; ces derniers étaient plus nombreux dans les zones rurales que dans les centres urbains; la concentration de Musulmans, presque tous sunnites, est l’une des plus fortes de tout l’Uttar Pradesh. A peu près toute la populati…

(hindi) «quart» (forme anglaise: « pie», la plus petite monnaie de cuivre de l’Inde britannique = 1/12 d’ anna. A l’origine, lors des premières expériences de monnaie de cuivre faites par la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, le pie, comme l’implique son nom, était le quart de l’ anna ou pice [voir PAYSĀ]. Après les actes de 1835, 1844 et 1870, le pie valait 1/3 de pice. (J. Allan) Bibliography Yule et Burnell, Hobson- Jobson, a glossary of Anglo- Indian colloquial words and phrases 2, 705.

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(p. «morceau, fragment») monnaie turque, à l’origine pièce d’argent de 4 aḳčes, dont les premières apparurent dès le début du XVIIe siècle; elle remplaça bientôt l’ aḳče comme unité monétaire. Le poids, d’abord de 16 grains (1 gramme 10…

(the transcription often used by Indian numismatists of what s̲h̲ould correctly be Ṣiddīḳī ), the name given by Tīpū Sulṭān of Mysore [see mahisur ] to a gold coin of the value of two pagodas (Port, pardao , the name of a gold coin long current in South India in pre-modern times and for which various etymologies have been propounded; see Yule-Burnell, Hobson-Jobson , a glossary of Anglo-Indian …

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, a district in the Rohilkhand division in the north-west of Uttar Pradesh in the Indian Union (formerly the United Provinces of British India), with an area of 2,290 sq. miles/5,930 km2 and a population (1961 census) of 1,973,530 of whom 62% were at that time Hindu and 37% Muslim, the latter being stronger in the rural areas than the urban centres; the concentration of Muslims, almost wholly Sunnīs, is one of the thickest in the whole of Uttar Pradesh. Almost all the population is either Hindi- or Urdu-speaking. Nothing is k…

(p. ‘‘piece, fragment”), a Turkish coin of the Ottoman and early Republican periods. It was originally a silver piece of 4 aḳčes…

(Hindi “quarter”), English form “pie”, the smallest copper coin of British India = 1/12 of an anna. Originally, in the East India Company’s early experiments for a copper coinage, the pie, as its name implies, was the quarter of an anna or pice [see paysā ]; after the Acts of 1835, 1844 and 1870, however, the pie was ⅓ of a pice. (J. Allan) Bibliography Yule and Burnell, …

(p., lārī ), a silver coin current in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in the 16th and 17th centuries. It takes its name from the town of Lār [ q.v.], the capital of Lāristān at which it was first struck; cf. Pedro Texeira ( Travels , Hakluyt Soc, London 1902, 341): “There is also the city of Lar... whence are called laris, a money of the finest silver, very well drawn and current throughout the East”, and Sir Thomas Herbert speaking of Lār in 1627 ( Some years’ travels , London 1665, 130): “near this byzar the lames are coyned, a famous sort of money.” The larin weighed …

, Ḵh̲ātim(a.)( P. muhr), seal, signet, signet-ring, the impression (also k̲h̲atm) as well as the actual seal-matrix; it is applied not only to seals proper, engraved in incuse characters with retrograde inscriptions, but also to the very common seal-like objects with regular inscriptions of a pious or auspicious character; for the latter which are amulets and further readily distinguished from seals by the absence of a personal name see the article …

(p.), an Indian coin, a rupee. In the latter xvth and early xvith centuries the silver tanka [q. v.] of the sulṭāns of Dehlī had become so debased that when S̲h̲er S̲h̲āh (1539—1545) reformed the coinage, the name could no longer be given to a silver coin. To his new silver coin, corresponding to the original fine silver …

In February 1844 (Muḥarram 1260) in the reign of ʿAbd al-Med̲j̲īd the Turkish coinage was entirely re-organised on European models and this currency is known as the Med̲j̲īdīye. The name Med̲j̲īdīye was also given to the largest silver piece in the new coinage: the 20 piastre piece of this new issue; it weighed 372 grains (24.08 grammes). …

(Hind.), anglicé pice, a copper coin of British India = 3 pies or ¼ anna. Under the Mog̲h̲uls the name paisā became applied to the older dām, introduced by S̲h̲ēr S̲h̲āh, 40 of which went to the rupee, as the unit of copper currency; the name found on the coins however is usually simply fulūs or rewānī. Paisā is the general name for the extensive copper coinage coined in the xviiith and xixth centuries by the numerous native states which arose out of the Mog̲h̲ul empire (cf. J. Prinsep, Useful Tables, ed. E. Thomas, London 1858, p. 62 …

(Hind.), anglicé pie, the smallest copper coin of British India = 1/12 of an anna. Originally, in the East India Company’s early experiments for a copper coinage, the pie as its name implies, was the quarter of an anna or pice [cf. paisā]; since the Acts of 1835, 1844 and 1870, however, the pie has been ⅓ of a pice. (J. Allan)

, the name given in the Mug̲h̲al emperor Akbar’s monetary system to the ¼ dām (¼ paysā ). (J. Allan)

, a coral island in the Arabian Sea midway between the Laccadive and the Maldive Islands; it belongs like the former to the Ālī Rājā of Cannanore but ethnographically and geographically has more claim to be attached to the Maldive group. It is six miles long but very narrow, being only 1¾ square miles in area. The population is about 3,000. The people, who are probably of Singhalese origin, have been Muḥammadans since the xiv…

, “beloved gold”, a Turkish gold coin (sequin). In the reign of Aḥmad III (1115-1143 = 1703—1730) a new gold sequin was issued weighing 40 grains (2.6 grammes), in addition to the older sequin of 53 grains (3.44 grammes) ( funduḳ altūnī) which continued to be issued alongside of it. This coin, known as the zer maḥbūb, remained in circulation till the great Med̲j̲īdīye recoinage of 1280 (1844), being reduced in weight to 37 grains (2.4 grammes) by Se…

(a.), the weight of a thing; this is the meaning of the word in the Ḳurʿān; a particular weight for weighing precious metals, jewels, drugs, etc., probably the oldest unit in the Arab Troy system. The mit̲h̲ḳāl corresponds to the Roman solidus of the Constantinian system which the Arabs adopted in Sy…

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, (Sanskrit ṭaṅka, a weight of silver = 4 māṣas): an Indian coin. When Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna conquered northwestern India and struck bilingual coins for the convenience of his Hindu subjects, ṭaṅka was used in the Nāgarī legend as the translation of dirham in the Arabic legend. S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Iltutmis̲h̲, Sulṭān of Dehli (1210—1235 = 607—633) introduced a heavy silver coin of 175 grains (= 11.3 grammes) and gave it the name of tanka (although tola would have been more accurate); a gold tanka of the same weight was first introduced by Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd (1246—1265 = 646—664). These two coins were …

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, a Turkish coin, originally a silver piece of 4 aḳčes, first issued early in the xviith century; it soon replaced the aḳče as the monetary unit. The weight, originally 16 grains (1.10 grammes), sank to one quarter of this weight by the beginning of the xixth century and the silver content also depreciated considerably. The multiples of the silver pāra were 5 ( bes̲h̲lik) pāras; 10 ( onlik); 15 ( onbes̲h̲lik); 20 ( yigirmiparalik); 30 ( zolota) and 40 g̲h̲urūs̲h̲ or piastre. Higher denominations: 60 ( altmis̲h̲lik); 80 ( ikilik) and 100 ( yüzlik) pāras were occasionally issued. In the new Med…

, a small silver coin struck by the S̲h̲arīfs of Morocco in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. It was the smallest silver piece and equivalent to 24 copper fulūs or a quarter dirham. Another name for the mawzūna was ūd̲j̲a. In 1911 (1330) copper coins of the value of 10, 5, 2 mawzūnāt were issued, the mawzūna being now the equivalent of a centime. On recent issues the name mawzūna has disappeared and its place is taken by sentīm. (J. Allan) Bibliography J. J. Marcel, Tableau général des Monnaies ayant course en Algérie, Paris 1844, p. 9, 36—40.

, the name given by Tīpū Sulṭān of Mysore (1197—1213 = 1782—99) to a gold coin of the value of two pagodas, weighing 106 grains (6.86 grammes). The name is derived from the well-known epithet of Abū Bakr [cf. the art. Ṣiddīḳ], in accordance with Tīpū’s custom of naming his denominations after k̲h̲alīfas or imāms. (J. Allan)

(a.), riyāl firand̲j̲ī, from the Spanish real (de plata), the name given in the Muslim world to the large European silver coins which formed the international currencies of the xviith and xviiith century; the most important was the Spanish dollar (peso; properly 8 reals) but the name was also given to the Dutch, German and Austrian dollar, the French écu and Italian scudo. In the late xviiith and xixth century the Austrian Maria Theresia dollar took the place of all its rivals and it still circulates to the present day around the Red Sea. The name riyāl survived with it. In the currencies of t…

, an Indian gold coin. The name is the Persian muhr, which is a loanword from the Sanskrit mudrā, seal or die. The earliest occurrence of the word on coins is on the forced currency of Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲laḳ where it has the literal meaning of “sealed” or “stamped”. By the xvith century it had come to be used as a popular rather than precise name for gold coins in general. Very little gold had been issued in India for two centuries before the rei…

, a district (and town) in India in the Benares division of the Central Provinces: area 5,240 square miles. The population is nearly 1,100,000 of whom barely 7% are Muḥammadans. The latter show a tendency to increase in proportion to the Hindus, owing to their greater vitality, containing as they do a smaller proportion of the very poor. The district is however a strongho…

(a., from sakk), die, coinage, currency, coin in general; dūr al-sikka = mint. In the coin-legends of the Sulṭāns of Dehlī of the ¶ thirteenth (sixth) century, al-sikka is used only of the gold coins, the corresponding word on the silver coins being al-fiḍḍa. From 1320 to 1388, after which the formula was no longer used, sikka is applied to both gold and silver. Except for a sporadic occurrence of the denomination sikka murādī on a rare coin of Humāyūn, the noun is not found again till the reign o…

, the name given in the Mog̲h̲ul Emperor Akbar’s monetary system to the ¼ dām (¼ paisā). (J. Allan)

(or Tangča), the name of the small silver coin which formed the main currency of the Mongol world from the end of the viiith/ xivth to the beginning of the xth/xvith century. It varied in weight from 20 to 35 grains (1.3—1.95 grammes) and was struck by the later Īlk̲h̲āns, the Ḵh̲āns of the Golden Horde, the earlier Ḵh̲āns of the Crimea and the early Tīmūrids. The Russians borrowed the denomination and the name in the form denga at the end of the xivth century from the Mongols: dengas, latterly of copper, were struck in Russia down to the first half of the xviiith century. The word tanga has survived in Cen…

(p., a corruption of sad aīnār) the name given in the reign of Faṭh ʿAlī S̲h̲āh of Persia (1212—1250 = 1797—1834) to a silver coin, the half ʿabbāsī or maḥmūdī; it weighed 36 grains (2.34 grammes). With its multiples it was abolished at Faṭh ʿAlī’s reform of the currency in the thirtieth year of his reign. (J. Allan)

, a small coin of the S̲h̲āhs of Persia. It was the smallest of the silver coins in the xviith and xviiith centuries and weighed 18 grains (1.17 grammes); it was worth ¼ of an ʿabbasī or ½ maḥmūdī or ten copper kāzbegis; in Fatḥ ʿAlī’s reformed coinage 20 s̲h̲āhīs were equal to the new silver unit, the ḳarān. Under Nāṣir al-Dīn the s̲h̲āhī was a copper coin = 5 centimes; the 2 s̲h̲āhī piece and ½ s̲h̲ahī were also issued in copper.…

(p., lārī), a silver coin current in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in the xvith and xviith centuries. It takes its name from Lār [q. v.], the capital of Lāristān [q. v.], at which it was first struck; cf. Pedro Texeira ( Travels, Hakl. Soc, 1902, p. 341): “There is also the city of Lar.... whence are called loris, a money of the finest silver, very well drawn and current throughout the East” and Sir Thomas Herbert speaking…

, a modern Persian silver coin, now worth about fourpence. When Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh (1211—1250 = 1797—1834) of Persia reorganised the currency at the close of the 30th year of his reign, he instituted a new silver unit, the ḳrān (from ḳarn, a century, decade, any period of years, in this case thirty) to take the place of the old silver rīʿāls, ʿabbāsīs and ṣanārs which ceased to be coined; 1 tūmān = 10 ḳrāns = 200 s̲h̲āhīs. The ḳrān at first weighed two mit̲h̲ḳāls (9,2 grammes = 142 grains) but was soon reduced by Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh to 1 ½ mit̲h̲ḳāls (6,9 …

, the name given by Tīpū Sulṭān of Mysore (1197—1213=1782—1799) to the 1/16 rupee (1 anna) in silver; it commemorates Mūsā al-Kāẓim, the seventh Imām. (J. Allān)

, traditionally translated as antimony sulphide (stibnite), is synonymous in the Arabic and Persian geographical sources with it̲h̲mid and surma . Its primary source was Iran, where the following places were noted for its production: in K̲h̲urāsān, Ṭūs ( Ḥudūd al-ʿālam , ed. M. Sutūda, tr. and comm. V. Minorsky, § 23.11— surma), and Gūzgān ( Hudūd a-ʿālam , § 23.51— sang-i surma); in Māzandarān, Sāmār near Sārī ( Ḥudūd al-ʿālam, § 32.23— surma) and Ṭabaristān (Ibn Isfandiyār, Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Ṭabaristān , tr. E. G. Browne, 33— surma); and in D̲j̲ibāl province, Mt. Damāvand (Abū Dulaf, al-Risāl…

, an Indian coin, a rupee. In the later 9th/15th and early 10th/16th centuries, the silver tanka [ q.v.] of the sultans of Dihlī had become so debased that when S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh (947-52/1540-5) reformed the coinage, the name could no longer be given to a silver coin. To his new silver coin, corresponding to the original fine silver tanka, he therefore gave the name rūpiyya = rupee, i.e. the silver coin (Sanskrit, rūpya , rūpaka ), and tanka became a copper denomination. The weight of the rupee was 178 grains (11.53 gr) and it rapidly established itself in popular favour. Un…

, a district and town in the Uttar Pradesh province, formerly the United Provinces, of the Indian Union, forming a district in the Benares division of that province, with an area of 5,238 sq. miles, and with a population (1971 census) of 731,403 for the district and 80,768 for the town. Some 7% of the population are Muslims, and have shown a tendency to increase in proportion to the Hindus, owing to their greater vitality, containing as they do a smaller proportion of the very poor. The district…

, an Indian gold coin. The name is the Persian muhr , which is a loanword from the Sanskrit mudrā , seal or die. The earliest occurence of the word on coins is on the forced currency of Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ where it has the literal meaning of “sealed” or “stamped”. By the 10th/16th century it had come to be used as a popular rather than precise name for gold coins in general. Very little gold had been issued in India for two centuries before the reign of Akbar. One of his reforms was the issue of an extensive coinage in gold. In addition to many pieces which had onl…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 12: The U…

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