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, the name of a Turkish amirate, which appeared after the collapse of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ state of Rūm [see sald̲j̲ūḳids. III. 5]. It was probably named after its founder, Ṣarūk̲h̲ān the son of Alpagi̊, and it was situated in the region roughly coinciding with the ancient Lydia, a territory yielding a rich agricultural production (grapes, figs and especially cereals). Its capital was the ancient city of Magnesia on the Sipylos, called by the Turks Mag̲h̲nisa [ q.v.] or Manisa, which, after having acquired special importance under the emperors of Nicaea, was conquered by Ṣarūk̲h̲an Beg ca. 1313.…

, the Ottoman Turkish name of the ancient Greek city of Corinth in the Morea [ q.v.]. It has a naturally fortified citadel (’Ακροκόρινθος) overlooking a fertile plain (whose main product is currants) and dominating the isthmus between continental Greece and the Moreot peninsula as well as the two adjacent ports on either side. Corinth remained under Byzantine rule up to 1210, when it was conquered by the Crusaders; it passed to the Florentine family of the Acciaiuoli (1358), to the Greek despot of the Morea (13…

, according to the early Ottoman chronicles, the preceptor or tutor ( lala ) of the Ottoman sultan Murād I [ q.v.] and the first to occupy the post of the beglerbegi [ q.v.] of Rumelia. Perhaps he can be identified with S̲h̲āhīn b. ʿAbd Allāh who signed a waḳf document issued by sultan Ork̲h̲an [ q.v.] in 1360; or also with the military leader ’Ισαΐμ, who, according to a Greek contemporary chronicle, supported the Lord of Yanina Thomas Prealimbos against the Albanians in 1380. S̲h̲āhīn crossed from Anatolia to Thrace in the 1360s, probably accompanyi…

, the son of the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, ʿOt̲h̲mān I [ q.v.], and of the daughter of s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Edebali, who seems to have exercised considerable influence upon his son-in-law through his connections with the fraternity of the Ak̲h̲ī s [ q.v.] and with the group of dervishes known as the Abdālān-i Rūm . According to the Ottoman tradition, Ork̲h̲an had a brother, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn [ q.v.], who resigned from ¶ their father’s possessions and accepted the office of the vizierate. Litde is known about Ork̲h̲an’s early life as most of the Turkish sources reporting abo…

, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chronology of the dynasty The Ottoman empire was the territorially most extensive and most enduring Islamic state since the break-up of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate and the greatest one to be founded by Turkish-speaking peoples. It arose in the Islamic world after the devastations over much of the eastern and central lands of the Dār al-Islām …