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, Muḥammad b. Abī Ṭālib , known by the name S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿAlī Ḥazīn, claimed to be a descendant of the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Zāhid-i Gīlānī who was spiritual director to the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn, ancestor of the Ṣafawids. His father had left Gīlān to settle in Iṣfahān, where Ḥazīn was born in 1103/1692. In 1722 the Afg̲h̲ān invasion condemned him to a wandering existence for some years: he travelled to Mecca, went to Bag̲h̲dād, and thence to Persia; but political and military events made him decide to emigrate to…

, Muḥammad Saʿīd , prominent minister and military commander in 11th/17th century Muslim India, first in the service of the Ḳuṭb-S̲h̲āhī ruler of Golkond́ā ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad [see ḳuṭb-s̲h̲āhis ] and then in that of the Mug̲h̲als S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān and Awrangzīb [ q.vv.], died in 1073/1663. Stemming originally from Persia, he was at the outset a diamond merchant and accumulated a vast private fortune in the Carnatic, the region around Madras, from these dealings and from Hindu temple treasures, having his own private army of 5,000 cavalryme…

Muḥammad Sāḳī , historian of Mug̲h̲al India. Born about 1961/1650, he was brought up as an adopted son by Muḥammad Bak̲h̲tāwar K̲h̲ān, whom he faithfully assisted in various capacities. After the death of his patron he passed into the service of Awrangzīb [ q.v.]. In the reign of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam Bahādur S̲h̲āh I (1118-24/1707-12 [ q.v.]), he became the secretary of ʿInāyat Allāh K̲h̲ān. son of Mīrzā S̲h̲ukr Allāh, the minister of Bahādur S̲h̲āh, and by his desire Mustaʿidd K̲h̲ān composed the history of the reign of Awrangzib entitled Maʾāt̲h̲ir-i ʿĀlamgīrī . Part 1…

, a Mug̲h̲al religious leader, whose real name was mawlānā ʿabd allāh . He was the son of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ S̲h̲ams al-Dīn of Sulṭānpūr. His ancestors had emigrated from Multān and settled at Sulṭānpūr near Lahore. The pupil of Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḳādir Sirhindī, he became one of the foremost religious scholars and functionaries of his day. A committed Sunnī, he never trusted Abu ’l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī (d. 1011/1602 [ q.v.]) and looked upon him from the beginning as a dangerous man. Contemporary monarchs had great respect for Mak̲h̲dūm al-Mulk. The Emperor Humāyūn (937-63/1530-5…

, author of historical and biographical works in 11th/17th century Mug̲h̲al India. Born in 1037/1627 at Sahāranpūr in what is now Uttar Pradesh, he was first taught by his father and then by S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿAbd Allāh, called Miyān Ḥaḍrat, and S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ Dihlawī. After a few years, he himself began teaching in his native country. He first became a murīd or disciple of his father, and after the latter’s death attached himself to the famous religious leader and reformer S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad Sirhindī [ q.v.]. He was persuaded by Iftik̲h̲ār K̲h̲ān, Mīr K̲h̲ān-sāmān,…

, Muns̲h̲ī , Mug̲h̲al historian of the 11th/17th century and son of the Persian muns̲h̲ī or secretary and official historiographer to the Mug̲h̲al emperor S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān [ q.v.] Muḥammad Amīn, called Amīnā Ḳazwīnī, and author of a history of that ruler’s reign, the Pādis̲h̲āh-nāma (see Storey, i, 566-7). Muḥammad Kāẓim himself became muns̲h̲ī to Awrangzīb [ q.v.], and was entrusted with the compilation, from official records, of the history of the emperor’s reign and was ordered to submit it to him for correction. He accompanied the emperor on his j…

, author of several works in Arabic, whose full name was ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik b. Ḳāḍī K̲h̲ān al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī al-Ḳādiri , was born at Burhānpūr in Gud̲j̲arāt of a respectable family of D̲j̲awnpūr [ q.v.]. He first joined the Čis̲h̲tī order, as a disciple of ʿAbd al-Karīm b. S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Bād̲j̲an at Burhānpūr, and afterwards went to Multān where he read with Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Muttaḳī, after whom he is called al-Muttaḳī. He spent the remaining portion of his Indian life at Aḥmadābād during the reign of Bahādur S̲…

Gud̲j̲arātī , D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn , Muslim Indian authority on the Ḳurʾān and traditions. He was born at Pat́an in Gud̲j̲arāt in 914/1508; after completing his education in his native land, he proceeded to Mecca, where he studied traditions with eminent scholars such as Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-Haytamī al-Makkī and others. He acquired much learning from ʿAlī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Muttaḳī (d. 975/1567) and also became his disciple in the Ḳādirī and S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī dervish orders. After his return …

Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf , K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Taḳī (?-1049/?-1639), Mug̲h̲al Indian commander and imperial historian. He was born into an obscure family in Persia, but coming to India, he attained high honours in the reigns of D̲j̲ahāngīr and S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. He received in the third year of D̲j̲ahāngīr a military command and the title of Muʿtamad K̲h̲ān. Subsequently, he joined prince S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān in his campaign in the Deccan as a bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī (paymaster). On his return to court, in the 17th year of D̲j̲ahāngīr’s reign (1031/1622), he was entrusted w…

, Indo-Muslim scholar of the 10th/16th century. He studied law and ḥadīt̲h̲ under Mawlānā ʿIṣām al-Dīn Ibrāhīm and Mullā Saʿīd in his native province of Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān in eastern Afg̲h̲ānistān and was looked upon as one of the most learned men of his age. He was also the murīd (disciple) of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusayn of K̲h̲wārazm. His attainments procured him access to the court of Sulaymān, prince of Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān, who conferred upon him the title of Ḳāḍī K̲h̲ān. Subsequently, he left his master and went to India. At Kānpūr, he was introduced to the Mug…

, son of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Fayḍ Allāh, son of Āg̲h̲ā Faḍl Allāh, a rich merchant of Persia who came to India in the early part of the 12th/18th century, was born at Hūglī (Hooghly) in Bengal in 1143/1730. For a time, the Āg̲h̲ā resided at Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.] and carried on there an extensive mercantile business, but finding the rising port of Hūglī a more convenient centre, he finally settled there with his son Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Fayḍ Allāh. Already settled at Hūglī was one Āg̲h̲ā Muṭahhar, who, coming originally from Persia like Āg̲h̲ā Faḍl Allāh, had won his way at the court of Awrangzīb [ q.v.]. That monar…

al-Sayyid b. al-Sayyid S̲h̲arīf al-Marʿas̲h̲ī al-Ḥusaynī al-S̲h̲us̲h̲tarī , commonly called Ḳāḍī Nūr Allāh, was born in 956/1549. He was descended from an illustrious family of the Marʿas̲h̲ī Sayyids [ q.v.] and settled in S̲h̲us̲h̲tar. He left his native place for India and settled in Lahore where he attracted the notice of Ḥakīm Abu ’l-Fatḥ (d. 997/1588) and through his presentation to Emperor Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605), he was appointed ḳāḍī of Lahore in lieu of al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muʿīn (d. 995/1586). ʿAbd al-Ḳādir Badāʾūnī, iii, 137, says t…

b. Ṭahmāsp , sixth ruler of the ʿĀdil-S̲h̲āhī dynasty [ q.v.] in the western Deccan, ruled 1035-66/1626-56 at the capital Bīd̲j̲āpūr [ q.v.] after the death of his father. In the year 1044/1634 the armies of the Mug̲h̲al ruler S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān [ q.v.] invaded the Deccan and laid waste the country of Bīd̲j̲āpūr. After the subjugation of Dawlatābād and other forts, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm ʿĀdil S̲h̲āh agreed to pay a considerable tribute to the emperor of Dihlī. He was the last king of Bīd̲j̲āpūr who struck coins in his own name. In the latter…

, Nawwāb , styled G̲h̲aḍanfar D̲j̲ang, was an Afg̲h̲ān chief of the tribe of Bangas̲h̲. The city of Farruk̲h̲ābād [ q.v.] in what is now Uttar Pradesh, was founded by him in the name of his patron, the Mug̲h̲al emperor Farruk̲h̲siyar. When Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] became emperor of Dihlī, he appointed him governor of Mālwa in 1143/1730, but as he could not stop the repeated attacks of the Marāt́hās [ q.v.], he was removed in 1145/1732 and appointed governor of Allāhābād. Muḥammad K̲h̲ān intended to reduce the Bundēlas, of whom Rād̲j̲ā Čhatursāl was chief. He capture…

, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (695-715/1296-1316), was the nephew and son-in-law of Sultan D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Fīrūz S̲h̲āh II K̲h̲ald̲j̲ī, whom he murdered by treachery at Ḳarā Mānikpūr, in the province of Allāhābād, in 695/1295, and ascended the throne of Dihlī in the same year. He reconquered Gud̲j̲arāt (697/1297), took Čitōr and temporarily subdued the Rād̲j̲pūts (703/1303). His eunuch general, Malik Kāfūr [ q.v.], seized Deogīr and Warangal, and founded a Deccan province of the Dihlī kingdom. The empire is said to have flourished during his reign. Among contemporary poets, Amīr K̲h̲usraw [ q.v.] a…

, an Indian Ṣūfī saint of Bengal. In all parts of the Sundarbun, the Muslim woodcutters invoke certain mythical beings to protect them from tigers and crocodiles. In the 24 pargāna s it is Mubārak G̲h̲āzī who, in the eastern parts of the Ganges Delta, goes by the name of Zinda G̲h̲āzī, the living warrior. Mubārak G̲h̲āzī is said to have been a faḳīr (mendicant) who reclaimed the jungle tracts along the left bank of the river Hoogly. Every village has an altar dedicated to him, and no-one enters the forest nor do any of the boat’s crew,…

b. ʿAbd al-G̲h̲anī al-S̲h̲āhīd , Mawlānā , religious leader of Muslim India, was born on 28 S̲h̲awwāl 1196/6 October 1782, of a Dihlī family that traced its origin to the caliph ʿUmar. He was a nephew of the famous Mawlānā S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (d. 1239/1823-4). Having lost his father early, he was brought up by his uncle Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (d. 1242/1826-7). In childhood he was inattentive to his studies and fond of swimming in the D̲j̲amnā, but thanks to a retentive memory and a keen intellect he later on became a learned man. Being shocked at the s̲h̲irk or idolatro…

al-Nad̲j̲afī , historian of Mug̲h̲al India, was born in the Deccan, where he spent the first twenty-five years of his life. He afterwards visited in an official capacity Gud̲j̲arāt, Mālwa, Ad̲j̲mēr, Dihlī, Āgra, the Pand̲j̲āb, Sind and Kas̲h̲mīr. He went to the last country in the train of the emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.] and under the command of Ḳāsim K̲h̲ān (1031/1621). He is the author of the Mad̲j̲ālis al-salāṭīn , a short history of the kings of Dihlī and of the Deccan dynasties from the Islamic conquests to the accession of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān, completed in 1038/1628. (M. Hidayet Hosain) Bib…