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Foreword to the Revised Edition The lasting interest in our Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, released in 2003, has motivated us to publish a third edition, revised and expanded, as part of the Universitätstaschenbücher (University Paperbacks Series, UTB). In order to include the intensive research on the First World War undertaken since its original publication, we have added a number of new entries. A comprehensive record of the persons and places increases the usefulness of this reference work. The bibliography has likewise been …

Places Aarschot 29 Abadan 798 Abercorn 569, 684 Abrolhos Islands 502 Abu Chuff 563 Abyssinia 227 Acre 945 Aden 625 Adrianople (Edirne) 350, 946 Adriatic 44, 57, 73, 255, 313, 350, 368, 452, 482, 506, 644, 741, 875f., 888, 896, 918, 1021 Aegean 236, 350, 392, 454, 486, 585 Afghanistan 474, 495, 592, 626, 777 Africa 184–187, 191f., 194, 213, 218, 225, 293, 299, 306, 343, 355, 380f., 407, 413, 428, 430–434, 438, 511, 569, 576f., 597, 625, 627, 630, 663, 668, 683f., 735, 737, 746, 764, 785–788, 806, 824, 835, 867, 876, 888, 893, 902, 919f., 938f., 961, 1021 Agadir 687, 746 Agram (Zagreb) 61 Ağri 409 Aire 284 Aisne 196, 210, 394, 418f., 479, 496, 511, 526f., 613, 670, 679, 708, 726, 784, 1026, 1030f., 1037 Åland Islands 523, 770, 776, 942 Alba Iulia (Karlsburg) 510 Albania 44, 52, 60, 62, 255, 262–264, 350, 368, 482, 741, 761, 875f., 888, 895f. Albert 282, 916 Aleppo 268, …

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Hirschfeld, Magnus (May 14, 1868, Kolberg [Kołobrzeg, Poland] – May 14, 1935, Nice), German doctor and sexual researcher. Hirschfeld is regarded as the pioneer of sexual research in Germany. One of his achievements was to outline a biological theory of homosexuality and he was a committed advocate of equal social rights for homosexuals. In 1897 he co-founded the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (Scientific Humanitarian Committee) for the decriminalization of homosexuality and served as its first chairman until 1929. In 1907 he was an expert witness …

Frank, Ludwig (May 23, 1874, Nonnenweier [today part of Schwanau in the district of Ortenau] – September 3, 1914 [killed in action], Nossoncourt, Département Vosges), German attorney, social democratic politician, and member of the Reichstag. Frank was first city councilor in M…

Contributors Afflerbach, Holger, Prof. (Leeds) Albes, Jens, Dr. (Koblenz) Allain, Jean-Claude, Prof. † Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, Prof. (Paris) Baumeister, Martin, Prof. (Munich) Bavendamm, Gundula, Dr. (Taunusstein) Beaupré, Nicolas, Dr. (Clermont-Ferrand) Becker, Annette, Prof. (Paris) Becker, Jean-Jacques, Prof. (Paris) Beckers, Thomas, MA (Düsseldorf ) Behrenbeck, Sabine, Dr. (Cologne) Bendick, Rainer, Dr. (Osnabrück) Berghoff, Hartmut, Prof. (Washington DC/ Göttingen) Bessel, Richard, Prof. (York) Blom, J.C.H., Prof. (Leiden) Bohn, Robert, Prof. Dr. (Fle…

Hitler, Adolf (April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria – April 30, 1945, Berlin [suicide]), soldier, private first class, subsequently German politician (1933–1945 Reich chancellor). By Hitler’s own account, the First World War was for him “the most unforgettable and greatest period of my life on this earth” ( Mein Kampf, 1925). Even during the Second World War, he repeatedly reminded those around him of his time as a soldier from 1914 to 1918, “when nothing troubled me”; he had “passionately enjoyed being a soldier” ( Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 1941). …

Persons Aalst, Cornelis J.K. van 774 …

Serbia …

Historiography Writing the History of the First World War The historiography of the First World War had already begun during the war. At first, its most important feature was to record a “great and exalting time” for the participants and their descendants, a record in which the documents and propaganda were largely blotted out. The development of rotary printing press methods, the standardized integration of documentary photo illustrations, and the possibilities offered by economical color-separation printing processes – all these were additional incen…

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Foreword The First World War endures in human memory as an event of especial significance. The French still refer to it as the “Grande Guerre”; the Germans and Austrians, “der Große Krieg”; and the British and Americans, the “Great War.” Those who survived it are no more. Even the children of the war years have died by now. Yet the war did not pass away with the generation that waged and endured it. World War One will remain the defining experience of the 20th century. The war evolved from a localized European conflict to a global catastrophe. The swift disintegration of multinational states and colonial empires that it engendered not only resulted in the successful implementation of the nationality principle but also brought ethnic conflicts, displaced persons, and new forms of radical nationalism. Even during the World War, people recognized in the events of 1914–1918 the seeds of the full-blown, total war to follow. For historians, the First World War continues to occupy a central place in historiography. World War research …

Stinnes, Hugo (February 12, 1870, Mülheim an der Ruhr – April 10, 1924, Berlin), German industrial magnate. Stinnes was of the most influential industrialists of the Wilhelminian Empire and the Weimar Republic. The heir to a Ruhr family enterprise engaged in coal mining, trading, and shipping, the entrepreneur founded the Rhine Westphalia Electric Power Corporation in Essen in 1898, serving as chairman of the board after 1902, as well as the Deutsch-Luxemburgische Bergwerks- und Hütten-AG (German-Luxembourg Mining Inc.) in 1901. Stinnes advocated vociferously for the extensive territorial and economic war-economy needs of German …

Göring, Hermann (January 12, 1893, Rosenheim – October 15, 1946, Nürnberg [suicide]), German fighter pilot and politician. Commander in chief of the air force from 1935–1945. Called the “erste Paladin des Führers” (“The Führer’s Champion”) and the “second man in the Reich,” Göring served as a World War I flying ace – as National Socialist propaganda never tired of mentioning. Göring took part in the First Battle of Alsace as a lieutenant of the Fourth Badisches Infantry Regiment No. 112 (“Prince W…

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Timeline1914–1918 1914 June 28 Assassination of heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. July 5 “Hoyos Mission”: Kaiser Wilhelm II assures Austria-Hungary of Germany’s support. July 23 Austria-Hungary delivers Serbia an ultimatum. July 25 Mobilization of the Serbian Army. The Russian Crown Council resolves to support Serbia. July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 30 General mobilization of the Russian Army. July 31 General mobilization in Austria-Hungary and Belgium. …