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ʿĀdil-S̲h̲āhs

(685 words)

Author(s): Hardy, P.
, designation of the Muslim dynasty which ruled over Bīd̲j̲āpūr, one of the succession kingdoms to the Bahmanī kingdom of the Dekkan. The independent history of Bīd̲j̲āpūr extends from 895/1489 to 1097/1686 when the kingdom was conquered and absorbed by the Mug̲h̲al empire. The founder of the dynasty, Yūsuf ʿĀdil Ḵh̲ān, was a slave in the service of Maḥmūd Gawān, the famous Bahmanī minister. After rising to the position of master of the horse at the Bahmanī court, Yūsuf was appointed to the prov…

Ḏj̲izya

(9,149 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | İnalcık, Halil | Hardy, P.
(i)—the poll-tax which, in traditional Muslim law, is levied on non-Muslims in Muslim states. The history of the origins of the d̲j̲izya is extremely complex, for three different reasons: first, the writers who, in the ʿAbbāsid period, tried to collect the available materials relating to the operation of the d̲j̲izya and the k̲h̲arād̲j̲ found themselves confronted by texts in which these words were used with different meanings, at times in a wide sense, at others in a technical way and even then varying, so that in order to …

Bāz Bahādur

(530 words)

Author(s): Hardy, P.
, The last ruler of independent Mālwa before the Mug̲h̲al conquest in the time of Akbar, Bāz Bahādur was the son of S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Ḵh̲ān. a relative of S̲h̲ir S̲h̲āh Sūr, whom the latter appointed governor of Mālwa after its conquest by S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh’s forces in 949/1542. On the death of S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Ḵh̲ān in 962/1554, Bāz Bahādur murdered his brother Dawlat Ḵh̲ān, governor of Ud̲j̲d̲j̲ayn (Ujjain) and had himself proclaimed as sultan in 963/1555. He then brought most of Mālwa under his rule by forc…

Asīrgarh

(341 words)

Author(s): Hardy, P.
, a fortress situated 21° 28′ N., 76° 18′ E in the Burhānpūr taḥṣil of the Nimār district of Madhya Prades̲h̲, about 2,200 feet above sea level and 850 feet high from its base, dominating the only route through the Satpūra range between the Narbada and the Taptī from north west India to the Dekkan. Probably of great antiquity (see H. Cousens, Lists of Antiquarian Remains in the Central Provinces and Berar , Arch. Sur. India, 1897, P. 39, A. Cunningham, Report on a Tour in the Central Provinces, Calcutta 1879, 120-1, Gazetteer , (Ḵh̲āndes̲h̲) Bombay 1880, 557-58), A…

Ārzū K̲h̲ān

(322 words)

Author(s): Hardy, P.
(Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān Ārzū) 1099/1687-8 or 1101/1689-90—1169/1756, Indo-Muslim scholar and poet in Persian and Urdū, Son of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusām al-Dīn Ḥusām, Ārzū Ḵh̲ān was, according to S̲h̲ams al-ʿUlamā Mawlāna Muḥammad Ḥusayn Āzād, descended from the family of the saint Naṣīr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Čirāg̲h̲-i Dihlī on his father’s side and from the saint Muḥammad G̲h̲awt̲h̲ Guwāliyārī on his mother’s. A native of either Gwalior or Akbarābād (Āgra), in 1132/1719 he went to Dihlī and obtained a manṣab and a d̲j̲āgīr also receiving patronage from Muʿtaman a…
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