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Ẓahīr-i Fāryābī

(458 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | de Bruijn, J.T.P.]
, or Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Ṭāhir b. Muḥammad al-Fāryābī , Persian poet of the 6th/12th century, born at Fāryāb (modern Dawlatābād) near Balk̲h̲ about 550/1156, d. 598/1201. As a court poet he served patrons in various parts of Persia; the earliest known to us was ʿAḍud al-Dīn Ṭug̲h̲āns̲h̲āh, a local ruler of Nīs̲h̲āpūr. In 582/1186-7 he went to Iṣfahān and three years later from there to Māzandarān, where he was attached to the ispahbād Ḥusām al-Dīn Ardas̲h̲īr b. Ḥasan of ¶ the Bāwandids [ q.v.]. Still later he settled down at the court of the Eldigüzids or Ildeñizids [ q.v.], writing paneg…

ʿAbd al-Wāsiʿ Ḏj̲abalī

(181 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
b. ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ , Persian poet, one of the panegyrists of the Seld̲j̲uḳ sultan Sand̲j̲ar. He came from the province of G̲h̲ard̲j̲istān, lived for some time in Harāt, then went to G̲h̲azna to enter the service of the sultan Bahrām S̲h̲āh, son of Masʿūd, of the G̲h̲aznawid dynasty. Four years afterwards he took the occasion of sultan Sand̲j̲ar’s coming to G̲h̲azna—to assist Bahrām S̲h̲āh, his maternal cousin—to address to him a panegyric. During the last fourteen years of his life he lived at Sand…

Ṭabūr

(205 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
(t.) (a word which has passed into French in the form tabor ), from Eastern Turkī tapḳūr and ṭapḳūr , denoting a pallisade formed of waggons arranged in a circle or square; a body of troops sent out for reconnaissance; a battalion; or a body of about 1,000 men commanded by a biñbas̲h̲i̊ (chief of a thousand). In Morocco, from the mid-19th century, it denoted the first permanent military units. Under the French Protectorate, the term was applied to a group made up of several goums ( gūm , an armed group of ca. 150 men commanded by officers of the Indigenous Affairs Department), hence par…

Bahrām

(764 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
(derived, via the Pahlawī varahrān , from the Avestan veret̲h̲ragna ), the name of the Zoroastrian god of victory (cf. Benveniste and Renou, Vṛtra et Vṛoragna , chap. 1, particularly 6 and 22); from his naine is derived that of one of the principal sacred fires of Iran, Varhrān, or (more recently) Vahrām ( ibid., 72); he présides over the 20th day of the solar month which bears his name and which has kept it in the Persian calendar recorded by al-Bīrūnī ( ibid., 83; al-Bīrūnī, Cronol . 53). This name Bahrām or Vahrām) was that of five rulers of the Sāsānid dynasty (the 4th, 5th, 6th…

Čes̲h̲me

(353 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Taeschner,F.
, a Persian word meaning "source, fountain" which has passed into Turkish with the same sense. It is the name of a market-town in Asia Minor with a wide and safe natural harbour on the Mediterranean coast, at the entrance to the Gulf of the same name, at the north-western extremity of the peninsula of Urla opposite the island of Chios, 26° 20′ W., 38° 23′ N. It is the chief town of a kaza in the vilayet of Izmir. The town has (1950) 3,706 inhabitants; the kaza, 12,337. Originally part of the principality (later sand̲j̲aḳ ) of Aydi̊n, it was Ottoman from the time of Ba…

Ṣari̊ ʿAbd Allāh Efendī

(558 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Burrill, Kathleen
, Ottoman poet, man of letters and bureaucrat (?992-?1071/? 1584-?1661). He was also reported to have been a good calligraphier and an ardent lover and cultivator of flowers, Ibrāhīm I dubbing him sers̲h̲üküfed̲j̲i ( čičekči bas̲h̲i̊ ) (see Omer Faruk Akün, in İA , art. Sarı Abdullah ). In his own works he is referred to as ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Seyyid (or al-S̲h̲erīf) Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh (Akün, loc. cit.). He seems to have been born in Istanbul, but the sources disagree on the date of birth. His father Sayyid Muḥammad had fled from the Mag̲h̲rib to Istanbul and se…

Kay Kāʾūs

(471 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
, mythical second king of the line of Kayānids [ q.v.] whose name contains twice over the royal title kay (Kay Ūs> Kāʾūs). His history has been delineated by A. Christensen from the Iranian religious tradition and from the national tradition echoed by the later Muslim historians ( Les Kayanides , Copenhagen 1931, 73-90, 108-14). This Islamic historical tradition makes him the son of Kay Abīwēh > Abīh (except for Balʿamī, Firdawsī and al-T̲h̲aʿālibī, who make him the son of Kay Kubād [ q.v.]). He was a warrior-king who, according to Firdawsī, led a campaign into Māzandarān, whi…

Ḳawwās

(286 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Spuler, B.
(a.), occasionally also Ḳawwāṣ ( e.g. in the Arabian Nights), in modern Turkish kavas , properly bowman (from ḳaws “bow”), came to denote in general “musketeer” and finally also “policeman-soldier”, especially the one in the service of highly-placed Turkish officials and foreign ambassadors. From this term is derived the French “cawas” and the German “Kawasse”. In Turkey the Ḳawwās were, until 1826, chosen among the Janissaries ( Yeñi čeri [ q.v.]) and were called yasaḳči̊ . Their function was to protect foreign embassies and consulates and to esc…

Gondēs̲h̲āpūr

(763 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Aydin Sayili
, (Arabic form Ḏj̲undaysābūr) a town in Ḵh̲ūzistān founded by the Sāsānid S̲h̲āpūr I (whence the name wandēw S̲h̲āpūr “acquired by S̲h̲āpūr”, cf. Nöldeke, Geschichte derPerser , 41, n. 2), who settled it with Greek prisoners. It is the town known as Bēth-Lāpāt in Syriac, corrupted to Bēl-Ābād̲h̲, now almost unrecognizable in the form nīlāb and nīlāṭ ; the site is marked at the present day by the ruins of S̲h̲āhābād (cf. Rawlinson in the Journ . of the Royal Geogr . Soc , ix, 72; de Bode, Travels in Luristan , ii, 167). The town was taken by the Muslims in the ca…

D̲j̲āmī

(1,336 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
, Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān , the great Persian poet. He was born in K̲h̲ard̲j̲ird, in the district of Ḏj̲ām which is a dependency of Harāt, on 23 S̲h̲aʿbān 817/7 November 1414 and died at Harāt on 18 Muḥarram 898/9 November 1492. His family came from Das̲h̲t, a small town in the neighbourhood of Iṣfahān; his father, Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad b. S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad, had left that district and settled near Harāt; consequently the poet had for some time signed his works with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Das̲h̲tī before adopting the tak̲h̲alluṣ D̲j̲āmī. In the regular cour…

Barzū-Nāma

(561 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
, Persian epic, attributed to Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ ʿAṭāʾ b. Yaʿḳūb, known as Nakūk (called ʿAṭāʾī b. Yaʿḳūb, known as ʿAṭāʾī Rāzī in Blochét, Catal . Mss. persans Biblio . Nat . Paris, iii, 15, no. 1189). According to Riḍā Ḳulī Ḵh̲ān Hidāyat, “some people have wrongly considered these two names to represent two poets. This is not so; they are the same person” ( Mad̲j̲maʿ al-Fuṣaḥāʾ , i, 342). ʿAṭāʾ was a poet in both Arabic and Persian (see his account in Bāk̲h̲arzī, Dumyat al-Ḳaṣr ) and an official in the reign of the G̲h̲aznawid sultan Ibrāhīm (1059-1099) who, di…

Kāg̲h̲ad

(1,021 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Grohmann, A.
, Kāg̲h̲id (from the Persian kāg̲h̲ad̲h̲ perhaps of Chinese origin), paper. In the early period of development of Muslim culture the east was acquainted only with papyrus ( ḳirṭās ) as writing-material. It was Chinese prisoners of war brought to Samarḳand after the battle of Aṭlak̲h̲ near Tālās who first introduced in 134/751 the industry of papermaking from linen, flax or hemp rags after the method used in China. “The various kinds of paper then made were the following: firʿawnī (“Pharaonic”), a kind which was to compete with papyrus even in the land…

Āg̲h̲ā Muḥammad Shāh

(324 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Lockhart, L.
, founder of the Ḳādjār [ q.v.] dynasty of Persia, who was born in 1155/1742, was the elder son of Muḥammad Ḥasan Ḵh̲ān, hereditary chief of the powerful Ḳād̲j̲ār tribe. When a child he was castrated by order of ʿĀdil S̲h̲āh, Nādir S̲h̲āh’s nephew, an act which warped his character in later life. On his father’s murder in 1758, he became chief of the Ḳādjārs. He spent his youth at Karīm Ḵh̲ān’s court at S̲h̲īrāz; on Karīm’s death in 1779 he fled to Astarābād and engaged in a long struggle with his des…

Ḥammāl

(693 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Pellat, Ch.
(a.) “street-porter”, “bearer”. In old towns with narrow winding streets, the use of porters is indispensable for the transport of packages, cases, furniture, etc., which elsewhere is effected by means of beasts of burden, carts or, at the present day, by motor vehicles. The most elementary equipment used by the ḥammāl is a simple rope, fairly thick, which he first ties round the object to be carried and then loops over his forehead; in this way the burden is held on the porter’s back, and he controls its lateral movement …

Ḳizil-Üzen

(244 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
(in Āzerī Turkish “Red River”), the ancient Amardus, a river which flows through Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲an and enters the Caspian Sea forty miles east of Sefīd-Rūd, “White River”, at its junction with the river S̲h̲āh-Rūd at Mend̲j̲il. Its source lies in the province of Ārdilān, and it begins by crossing ʿIrāḳ ʿAd̲j̲amī to the north; its right-bank tributary is the Zand̲j̲ān, on the left it receives the Ḳara-göl at Miyāne, then it runs along the southern slopes of Elburz, describing a great arc 125 miles…

Firdawsī

(3,490 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
( Ferdosi ), Persian poet, one of the greatest writers of epic, author of the S̲h̲āhnāma ( S̲h̲āhnāmè , the Book of Kings). His personal name and that of his father are variously reported (Manṣūr b. Ḥasan, according to al-Bundārī [ q.v.]); it is agreed that his kunya [ q.v.] and his pen-name were Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Firdawsī. According to Niẓāmī ʿArūḍī, the oldest source ( Čahār maḳāla , tr. E. G. Browne, 54), he was born at Bāz̲h̲, a village in the Tabaran quarter of Ṭūs [ q.v.]. The date of his birth (ca. 329-30/940-1) is reliably deduced from his statement that in the year of the acce…

Afsūn

(112 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
(p.), charm, incantation; for etymology and usage in old Persian, see Salemann, in Gr.I.Ph . i/1, 304, and especially H. W. Bailey, in BSOAS, 1933-5, 283 ff. This word is now used in Persia to designate especially a charm against the biting of poisonous animals; certain darwīs̲h̲es who pretend to have the power to charm serpents, scorpions etc., will, for some gratuity, communicate their invulnerability to other persons. Often it is one part of the body which is so protected, as for instance the right or the left hand, and it is with this that the animals of this kind must be seized (Polak, Persie…

Farruk̲h̲ī

(650 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
Sīstānī , Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. D̲j̲ūlūg̲h̲ , the celebrated Iranian poet, a native of the town of Sīstān (cf. Yāḳūt, s.v.; Ḳazwīnī, Nuzhat , s.v.), as he says in a hemistich: “I place (other towns) after Sīstān, because it is my (native) town”. The tak̲h̲alluṣ Farruk̲h̲ī unites the ideas of happiness and physical beauty. His father, Ḏj̲ūlūg̲h̲ (according to ʿAwfī and Dawlats̲h̲āh) or Kūlūg̲h̲ (according to Ad̲h̲ar and Hidāyat) was in the service of the governor of the province of Sīstān. Accordin…

Ag̲h̲ač

(238 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Bowen, H.
, meaning in Ottoman Turkish "a tree", "wood", in Eastern Turkish (in which the forms yi̊g̲h̲ač , yi̊g̲h̲āč are the more frequent) means also "the male member" and "parasang"; cf. al-Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī, Dīwān Lug̲h̲āt al-Turk , Istanbul 1933, iii, 6, and Brockelmann, Mitteltürkische Wortschatz , Budapest-Leipzig 1928, 87. Al-Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī shows only the forms yi̊g̲h̲āč and yi̊g̲h̲ač, but W. Radloff, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialekte , 1893, i, 150, shows also ag̲h̲ač and other forms of the word such as ag̲h̲atz , ag̲h̲as and yag̲h̲ač , as signifying…

Kas̲h̲kūl

(270 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
, a Persian word denoting an oval bowl of metal, wood or coconut (calabash), worn suspended by a chain from the shoulder, in which the dervishes put the alms they receive and the food which is given them. The etymology of this word is obscure; a popular one is given by the Persians: kas̲h̲ “draw” (imperative) and kūl “shoulder”, “what one draws over the shoulder”; but as we find a form k̲h̲ačkūl attested in the older poets (Anwārī, Sayf Isfarangī), this explanation can hardly be accepted. The dictionaries give as the first sense “beggar” and t…

Köprü Ḥiṣāri̊

(120 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
“fortress of the bridge”, a village in the Ottoman province of K̲h̲udāwendigār [ q.v.] in northwestern Anatolia, and situated on the Čürük Ṣū river near Yeñis̲h̲ehir. It owes its historical fame to its being the site of a Byzantine fortress taken in 688/1289 by ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Ertog̲h̲rul, chief of the ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ group of Türkmens based on Eskis̲h̲ehir, after the previous capture of Biled̲j̲ik and during the course of the extension of Ottoman influence within the province towards Bursa [ q.v.]; cf. H. A. Gibbons, The foundation of the Ottoman empire, Oxford 1916, 32-3. (Cl. …

Band

(560 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | Massé, H.
(“bond”), a Persian word denoting anything which is used to bind, attach, close or limit, both literally and figuratively ( e.g. sadness, preoccupation),; it has also passed into Arabic and Turkish. In Persian, it has various meanings when used in compounds ( e.g., band-i angus̲h̲t , the phalanx; band-i pā , ankle-bone; dar-band, defile, inlet; dastband , bracelet; rū-band , head-veil; band-i s̲h̲ahryār , the name of a musical air). It denotes in particular dams ( band-i āb ) built for irrigation purposes: for instance, the Band-i Ḳayṣar, built across the river Kā…

D̲j̲ilwa

(99 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
the ceremony of raising the bride’s veil, and the present made by the husband to the wife on This occasion. According to al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānī who bases himself on Muḥyi ’l-Dīn al-ʿArabī ( Definitiones , ed. Flugel, 80, 294), d̲j̲ilwa is the name of the state in which the mystic is on coming out of the

Ābāza

(922 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl.
, Turkish name for the Abazes (see abk̲h̲āz ), given as a surname to many persons in Ottoman history who descended from those people. 1) Ābāza pas̲h̲a , taken prisoner at the defeat of the rebel Ḏj̲anbulād, whose treasurer he was, was brought before Murād Pas̲h̲a and had his life spared only through the intercession of Ḵh̲alīl, ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries, who, having become ḳapūdān-pas̲h̲a
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