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al-T̲h̲ug̲h̲ūr
(3,154 words)
(a.), pl. of
t̲h̲ag̲h̲r , one of whose basic meanings is “gap, breach, opening”, a term used for points of entry between the Dār al-Islām and the Dār al-Ḥarb [
q.vv.] beyond it. It is more specifically used in the plural for the lines of fortifications protecting the gaps along such frontiers as that in south-eastern Anatolia between the Arabs and Byzantines (see 1. below) and for the march lands in al-Andalus between the Arabs and the Christian kingdoms to the north (see 2. below). But it is not infrequently employed by the Is…
Muḳaddam b. Muʿāfā
(517 words)
al-Ḳabrī (“of Cabra”, Córdoba Province), Hispano-Arab poet, d.
ca. 299/911-12. According to the Andalusian historian al-Ḥid̲j̲ārī (500-49/1106-55) (on whom see
EI 2 I, 602b and, in particular, III, 926a) and to such authors as relied on him, Muḳaddam was the originator of the
muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥ genre [
q.v.] of poetry. Although he is described as such without qualification by Rachel Arié in her article kabra [
q.v.] (cf. also her
Espańa
musulmana (
siglos VIII-XV), Barcelona 1982, 396), it should be noted that Ibn Bassām (d. 543/1147 [
q.v.]) gives the name of the genre’s inventor as …
Mus̲h̲āraka
(676 words)
(a.), a commercio-legal term that has come into increasing prominence as efforts have been made in the Muslim world to organise or re-organise their financial systems according to what are held to be the requirements of the
S̲h̲arīʿa
. In English, ‘‘participation financing” is the translation commonly adopted by modern Islamic financial institutions committed to commercial operations traditionally known to Islamic jurisprudence. In general terms, the
mus̲h̲āraka is a contractual partnership (
s̲h̲arikat al-ʿaḳd ) as opposed to a proprietary partnership (
s̲h̲arikat
al-milk …
Hunayn
(564 words)
, site of a mediaeval seaport in westem Algeria, not far west of Beni-Saf (B. Ṣāf) and, as the crow flies, about 45 km. N. W. of Tlemcen. Within a walled area (41,000 sq. m.) are ruins of a
ḳaṣba and traces of a mosque’s, and possibly also a
ḥammām’s , foundations. On dry land below the
ḳaṣba lie the remains of a rectangular interior dock (4,250 sq. m.), once protected by rampart and towers and entered, seemingly via achannel, by a large arch of carved stone of the kind characteristic of certain parts of Muslim Spain. Most of what remains is in the Ma…
Balyūnas̲h̲, also B.nyūn.s̲h̲
(462 words)
(in Leo Africanus
Vignones , in Marmol
Valdeviñones ), Portuguese Bulhões, Spanish Bullones, site of a once-important
ḳarya 8 km. W.N.W. of Ceuta, beneath Sierra Bullones (D̲j̲abal Mūsā). Its name is from the Spanish Romance
bunyólex “vineyards”,
not Bū or Benī Yūnus/-as̲h̲, etc. Surrounded on land by mountains, Balyūnas̲h̲ lies in a small valley dropping sharply to a creek in a bay set in a narrow part ¶ of the Straits of Gibraltar. Bérard thought it the home of the Homeric Calypso’s cave. Its Roman precursor has been named as Exilissa. In Islam the area’s history may well have begun…