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, the sixth ruler of the dynasty. He was born at Tabrīz on 21 June 1872, the eldest son of Muẓaffar al-Dīn S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] by a Ḳād̲j̲ār wife, Umm al-K̲h̲āḳān. She was the daughter of Mīrzā Muḥammad Taḳī K̲h̲ān (Amīr Kabīr [ q.v. in Suppl.]) and ʿIzzat al-Dawla, a sister of Nāṣir al-Dīn S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. Muḥammad ʿAlī received ¶ the title Iʿtiḍād al-Salṭana in 1882 and ten years later he was made Sardār of the troops in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. In 1893, after an earlier marriage to a concubine, he married D̲j̲ahān K̲h̲ānum, the daughter of Kāmrān Mīrzā, th…

, Muḥammad ( Mosaddech ), Persian nationalist politician and Prime Minister in the period 1951 to 1953. Born in Tehran during 1882 (the precise date is uncertain), he died there on 5 March 1967. His father came from a prominent land-owning family, the Ās̲h̲tiyānīs, and held various senior posts in the financial administration of the country. Muṣaddiḳ’s mother was a great-granddaughter of Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, and one of her sisters was a wife of Muẓaffar al-Dīh S̲h̲āh. On his fathe…

, Banū , a numerous and formerly powerful Arab tribe living on the borders of Iran and ʿIrāḳ, principally on the plain between the foothills of the Pus̲h̲t-i Kūh mountains and the river Tigris. The easterly limit of the main tribal territory follows the course of the Rūd-i Kark̲h̲a southwards from Pā-yi Pul to the area north of Ḥawīza where the river peters out into salt flats. The course of the Tigris between S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Saʿd and ʿAmāra forms the westerly limit of that territ…

(conventionally spelled Kuwait), the capital city, situated in lat. 29°20′ N and long 47°59′ E, of an amirate of the same name situated on the Arabian shore at the head of the Persian Gulf. The mainland state is bounded by ʿIrāḳ to the north and west and by Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwayt also owns a number of islands and islets, the largest and most important of which are Būbiyān, Warba and Faylaka. The total area of the state is approximately 6,900 sq. miles. 1. Geography and economy At least two explanations have been suggested for the origins of the name; one is that it is a diminutive form of kūt …

, the capital city of the amirate of Baḥrayn [ q.v.] in the Persian Gulf. The city is located at latitude 26° 13′ N and longitude 50° 35′ E, on the north-eastern coast of the island of Baḥrayn, which was formerly known as Awāl. The shallow waters between Manāma and the neighbouring island of Muḥarraḳ [ q.v.] have long been used to provide good shelter for native craft. It has been suggested that the name Manāma (A. “a place of resting, sleeping”) may reflect the proximity of a number of prehistoric burial mounds. The early history of Manāma remains obscure, for reliable references are f…

, an island to the north of a gulf of the same name, lying parallel to the eastern coast of Arabia, some 150 miles south-west of Raʾs al-Ḥadd. It is part of the Sultanate of Oman (ʿUmān). The irregular oblong island, which is composed almost entirely of igneous rocks, is some 40 miles in length and has a maximum breadth of nearly ten miles. Its total area is approximately 200 square miles, and Maṣīra is therefore the largest island in the Arabian Sea after Socotra (Suḳuṭrā). A low mountain ridge…

, an oasis town in the region of al-Ḥasā [ q.v.] in eastern Arabia located at latitude 25° 55′ N, longitude 49° 36′ E. The origin of the name is uncertain. Philby’s suggestion that it derives from the root baraza “go forth, appear”—as the town is only some three miles north of al-Hufūf [ q.v.] and was usually the first halting-place for caravans leaving that place—has not been substantiated. Al-Mubarraz was for many centuries the most important agricultural centre in al-Ḥasā after al-Hufūf, with which it was then connected by a raised causeway running through cul…

, a town on an island of the same name in the Baḥrayn archipelago. The low-lying, irregular, crescent-shaped island, which covers an area 5 1/4 sq. miles, lies 1 1/2 miles to the north-east of the main island of Baḥrayn [ q.v.] and it is the second largest in the archipelago. The town, which is on the south-western side of the island, is located at lat. 26° 16′ N, long. 52° 37′ E. The only other settlement of any size on the island is that of al-Ḥadd, some three miles to the east. In the past, supplies of drinking water for the island came from a series of offshore, submarine, freshwater springs. The earl…

, S̲h̲āh of Persia, the fifth ruler of the dynasty, was born at Tehran on 25 March 1853, and was the fourth son of Nāṣir al-Dīn S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. His mother was S̲h̲ukūh al-Salṭana, a daughter of Fatḥ ʿAlī Mīrzā and a granddaughter of Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh. Two older sons of Nāṣir al-Dīn were appointed walī ʿahd before Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Muʿīn al-Dīn being the first in 1849. On his ¶ death on 6 November 1856, Muḥammad Ḳāsim received the title, but he too died as a child on 29 June 1858. It was then that Muẓaffar al-Dīn became walī ʿahd. (The designation of Muḥammad Ḳāsim was rather unusual, for his mo…

, Ibn Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī D̲j̲ābir K̲h̲ān , S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of Muḥammara, born ca. 1860, died 27 May 1936. On the death of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī D̲j̲ābir K̲h̲ān in 1881, leadership of the Muḥasayn tribe, the great bulk of which resided in Persian territory, passed to Mizʿal Ḵh̲ān, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ D̲j̲ābir’s fifth son. His rule became unpopular on account of his meanness and avarice and on June 2 1897 Mizʿal and his nephew ʿAbd al-D̲j̲alīl were shot dead, as they were disembarking from a boat at Fallāḥiyya, by three negro …