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[German version] (Κυτατταρῖνοι; Kytattarĩnoi). Community in the interior of Sicily; not located. Along with the Petrini and the Scherini the koinón of the C. paid a tax in wheat and barley to the synoikismós of  Entella [1. 264f. no. 208: 5th decree, l. 20]. In 254 BC the C. joined the Roman side in the 1st Punic War (Ἠνατταρῖνοι, Diod. Sic. 23,18,5). Ruined by Verres ( Cetarini, Cic. Verr. 2,3,103). Cf. [2]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 L. Dubois, Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile, 1989 2 G. Bejor, Città di Sicilia nei decreti di Entella, in: ASNP 12,3, 1982, 831-833.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Christianity | | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Ἀκράγας; Akrágas, Latin Agragantum/Agrigentum, in the Middle Ages Girgenti). River and town (modern Agrigento) on the south-west coast of  Sicily, 4 k…

[German version] An archipelago between Lilybaeum and Carthage (modern Favignana and Levanza). In 250 BC the Carthaginian fleet anchored here when called to aid by Lilybaeum (Pol. 1,44,2). In 241 BC the naval battle between C. Lutatius Catulus and Hanno (Pol. 1,60,4ff.), which decided the First Punic War, took place within sight of Favignana [1. 248f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 Huss. R. J. A. Wilson, Sicily under the Roman Empire, 1990, 228, 393 no. 179 G. Purpura, in: SicA 15/48, 1982, 56f.; 18/57-58, 1985, 59-86 A. M. Fallico, Sicilia: XII. Fa…

[German version] (Ἴχανα; Íchana). Settlement on Sicily, fell under the rule of Syracusae (Steph. Byz. s.v. I.). Evidence: handle of a bronze kerykeion, with the inscription Ιχανινοδαμοσιον; silver hēmílitron (obverse horned head, personification of a river, to its right on some impressions ΣΙΧΑ, on the reverse the bow of a ship with the legend ΝΙΚΑ, datable to the end of the 5th cent. BC; I., therefore, celebrated a naval victory); in a Siculan inscription from Herbessus is ΘΙΚΑΝΑ. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) …

[German version] [1] Roman cloak Roman cloak of unknown form; known from literary sources but not identifiable with certainty from monuments. In contradistinction to the  toga, the abolla is the costume of the farmer and the soldier (Non. 538,16), and to satirists it is the cloak favoured by philosophers of the Cynic and Stoic schools (Mart. 4,53; Juv. 3,115). The …

[German version] River in Sicily along the via Elorina, mentioned by Thucydides (7,80,6; 82,3) in conjunction with the retreat of the Athenians in 413 BC, possibly identical with the Cavallata north of the Assinarus. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography G. Manganaro, Alla ricerca di poleis mikrai della Sicilia centro-orientale, in: Orbis Terrarum 2, 1996, 139 with fn. 50 L. Robert, Noms indigènes de l'Asie Mineure gréco-romaine, 1963, 37f.

[German version] (Κριμισός). River in West Sicily ( Crinis(s)us, Verg. Aen. 5,38; Crinisos, Vibius Sequester 1,44), at which  Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians in 340/339 BC (Plut. Timoleon 25 with Diod. Sic. 19,2,8). Also, one of the rivers in Segesta (Fiume Freddo, Belice destro, Belice sinistro) as is suggested by the legend that the river god C. begat  Aegestus with the Trojan woman Egesta (Verg. Aen. 5,36ff.). On coins from Segesta C. appears as a dog; a human representation is also known (Ael. VH 2,33), cf. [1]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Batt…

[German version] Fortress of Leontini (eastern Sicily), in 422 BC the scene of disputes between the oligarchs and democrats of Leontini (Thuc. 5,4,4), probably near Colle S. Basilio (Scordia), where remains of walls (5th cent. BC), large silos, hewn into the rock, and an epitaph have been found. The late Byzantine period is documented through graves and a lead blade with a Greek prayer of exorcism. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography BTCGI s.v. B., G. Manganaro, in: Scritti classici e cristiani offerti a Francesco Corsaro, Università Catania 1994, 461f.

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[German version] (Εἱρκτή/ Heirktḗ, Pol. 1,56,3; Ἐρκτή/ Erktḗ, Diod. Sic. 22,10,4). Extensive mountain massif hard to access near Panormus, in 278/7 BC captured from the Carthaginians by Pyrrhus, in 248 won back again by them and defended for three years against Roman attacks (Pol. 1,56f.; Diod. Sic. 33,20). It clearly refers to Monte Pellegrino (606 m) north of Palermo. Manganaro, Giacom…

[German version] (Κακύπαρις; Kakýparis). River in eastern Sicily, rising near Palazzolo Acreide, its mouth 17 km south-west of Syracusae (Thuc. 7,80,5 on the retreat of the Athenians in 413 BC); modern Cassibile. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography BTCGI 5, 45-53. …

(Ἀπολλωνία; Apollōnía). [German version] [1] City in southern  Illyricum This item can be found on the following maps: | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Delian League City in southern  Illyricum, in antiquity on the north bank of the Aous, c. 6 km from the sea, near modern Pojani (Albania). Founded by Corinthians at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC, with the participation of Corcyra (mythical oikist Gylax). Hdt. 9,93-95, Paus. 5,22,3 f. and inscriptions attest to the wealth of A. during the 5th cent. BC; …

[German version] The bigger and northernmost of the two rivers that run into the south-west coast of Sicily near Camarina, modern Íppari ( Oanis), praised by Pindar (Ol. 5,12) as benefactor of Camarina, depicted on city coins as a horned youth. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. B. Curbera, Onomastic of River-Gods in Sicily, in: Philologus 142, 1998, 59f.

[German version] Town of the Siculi, localized by Rizzo [1. 67] near the Sicilian S. Mauro di Caltagirone. Only mentioned by Diodorus twice: in the context of the battle against the Carthaginians alongside  Entella in 334 BC (Diod. Sic. 16,67,3) and in the context of the 312/311 BC revolt against Agathocles (Diod. Sic. 19,104). Archaeological finds: rare silver lítrai, orig…

(Ἕννα/ Henna, Ἔννα/ Énna). [German version] [1] City of the Siculi This item can be found on the following maps: …

(Ἡράκλεια; Hērákleia). [German version] [1] H. Trachinia This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία; H. hē Trachinía). City on a rock to the left of and above the exit of the gorge of the  Asopus [1] into the Spercheus plain, separated from Oete ( Oetaei, Oete) on the southern and western flanks by deep streambeds, where the Trachinian rocks rise up with their numerous tomb caves. The lower city has vanish…

[German version] (Ἑκατόμπεδος; Hekatómpedos). Probably a c. 32 m wide street in Syracusae near the Hexapylon gate (Plut. Dion 45,5, cf. Diod. Sic. 16,20,2. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata)

[German version] (Ἄβολος; Ábolos). Torrent by  Catana, near which Timoleon defeated Mamercus (prior to 338 BC; Plut. Timoleon 34,1).…

[German version] (Σχέρα; Schéra). A city in western Sicily indicated by its ethnicon Σχερῖνοι/ Scherínoi in the 5th decree of the people's assembly of Entella (Z. 21, cf.  [2]) together with other cities that donated wheat and barley to the Synoikistoi ( Synoikismós ) of Entella. S. was partially destroyed by the Carthaginians in the first of the Punic Wars. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliog…

[German version] Strait of Messina between Caenus and Pelorum, 12 stadia (Plin. HN 3,73) or 1,500 passus (Plin. HN 3,86), today 3 km wide, a rift valley, with frequent earthquakes, characterized by fluctuating tidal currents that result in dreaded whirlpools (cf. the myth of  Scylla and Charybdis). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography …

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[German version] (Ἁλικύαι; Halikýai). Town of the  Elymi between Lilybaeum and  Entella [1. 168-171] in the Carthaginian sphere of influence. Allied with Athens during the Peloponnesian War (Thuc. 7,32,1; IG I2, 20), in 278/7 conquered by Pyrrhus, in 263 by the Romans (Diod. Sic. 22,10,2; 23,5). Cicero counted the Halicyenses among the civitates immunes ac liberae (Cic. Verr. 3,13; 91; 5,15), Pliny among the stipendiarii (Plin. HN …

[German version] (Ἵπανα; Hípana). Small Siculan town (Pol. 1,24,8-13; Diod. Sic.23,9, manuscript Sittanan), mentioned in connection with the battles of the first Punic war in 261-258 BC. Steph. Byz. (s.v. Ἵ.) describes H. as a ‘town in the entourage of Carthage’ (πόλις περὶ Καρχηδόνα; …

[German version] Settlement in the Monti Nebrodi on Sicily, 1139 m above sea …

[German version] Town in Sicily (ILS 1188; 2nd cent. AD); identified either with Chalae/Chalis (in Gela, It. Ant. 95,6) [1] or with a vicus near Halicyae[2]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 G. Alföldy, Die Legionslegaten röm. Rheinarmeen, 1967, 61f. …

[German version] (Ἀναπος; Ánapos) River in  Sicily, rising from Monte Lauro near  Acrae and flows into the harbour of  Syracusae. Its delta is swampy and caused disease amongs…

[German version] (Ἀβάκαινον; Abákainon). Town of the Siculi on a steep hillside near the modern Tripi, c. 10 km south-east of the city of Tyndaris to which, at its foundation in 396 BC, Dionysius I added a large amount of A.'s territory (Diod. Sic. 14,78,5). Listed among the theorodokoi in  Delphi (beginning of 2nd cent. BC; IG XIV 382 a-d; [3. 420; 431]). Continued to exist into late antiquity. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 A. Bertino, Atti IV del Convegno di Numismatica Napoli, 1973, 105 ff. 2 R. Calciati (ed.), Corpus Nummorum Siculorum 1, 1983, 73-75 3 …

[German version] Hellenized town of the  Siculi in the interior of Sicily between Henna and Agyrium (Diod. Sic. 14,78,6) north of Dittáino (ancient  Chrysas; personification on Roman coins from A.), modern Assoro. Listed among the Delphian   theorodokoi in around 200 BC. From the fanum on the road to Henna,  Verres tried in vain to steal the statue of Chrysas (Cic. Verr. 2,4,96). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography L. Bernarbò Brea, Assoro, in: Notizie degli scavi di antichità, 1947, 249f. R. Calciati (ed.), Corpus Nummorum Siculorum 3, 1987, 259f. G. C. Gentil…

[German version] (Ἀγάθυρνον; Agáthyrnon). On the north coast of  Sicily between Tyndaris and Cale Acte, rather closer to Capo di Orlando than to S. Agata di Militello (location of a chorion ); founded by Agathyrnus, son of Aeolus [1] (Diod. Sic. 5,8), annexed by Tyndaris. In 210 BC, consul M. Valerius Laevinus deported 4,000 exiles from A., where they had settled, to  Bruttium (Liv. 26, 40, 16 f.). The eponymous hero, a standing youth, is depicted on a bronze coin (with corresponding legend). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography C. Franchina Scurria, Problemi del…

[German version] (Beidos). Fortress near Syracuse (Steph. Byz. s.v.; Cic. Verr. 2,53ff.; Liv. 25,27). A town of Bidius lay in the territory of Tauromenium (Steph. Byz. s.v.). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography BTCGI, 4, 45f. Chiron 25, 1995, no. 35.

[German version] (Καλὴ Ἀκτή; Kalḕ Áktē). Greek town on the northern coast of Sicily, founded in 446 BC by  Ducetius with the support of Archonides, the tyrant of Herbita (Diod. Sic. 12,8,2f.). As early as 495 BC,  Scythas of Zanclae had planned the foundation of an Ionian colony on that site. C.A. was probably first entered in around 200 BC into the lists of the theōrodókoi of Delphi. It was plundered by Verres (Cic. Verr. 2,3,101). Birth place of the rhetor  Caecilius [III 5]. Localized near the modern Caronia Marina. Remains of a reservoir, statue of a …

[German version] (Ἑργέτιον; Hērgétion). Small town in the interior of Sicily, near Grammichele, and north of  Hybla [1] Heraea; it is mentioned in the Delphian list of the theōrodókoi (col. IV 106; cf. [1. 434f.] with a suggested localization in Ferla, [2. 133ff.32]), and also in an oracle of Dodona [4. 85f.], as well as in Steph. Byz. s.v. Segesta. For the ethnicon cf. bronze coins from Syracuse [3. 203]. …

[German version] (Κεφαλοίδιον, Κεφαλοιδίς; Kephaloídion, Kephaloidís, Cephaloedium). Town on a cape of the northern coast of Sicily, modern Cefalù, repeatedly mentioned in conjunction with  Dionysius [1] I and  Agathocles [2] (Diod. Sic. 14,56,2; 78,7; 20,56,3; 77,3), captured by the Romans in 254 BC during the First Punic War (Diod. Sic. 23,18,3), subsequently a civitas decumana. Plundered by Verres…

[German version] (Λόγγων; Lóngōn). Coastal river near Catana in Sicily, probably identical to modern San Paolo. Italion, a Catanian fortress, which was attacked in 247 BC by Hamilcar [3] Barcas (Diod. Sic. 24,6,1; [1. 133; 2. 127-174, especially 156, pl. 9]), was situated close to the source. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981 2 G. Mangana…

[German version] (Ἀχραδίνη; Achradínē). District of  Syracusae with the agora, linked with Ortygia via a bridge (Cic. Verr. 2,4,52; 117; Str. 6,2,4). In 405 BC captured by Himilkon (Diod. Sic. 14, 63), 352 BC plundered by Nypsius on behalf of Dionysius II and liberated by Dion (Plut. Dion 42 f.).  Sicily Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography G. Manganaro, Iscrizioni, Epitaffi ed Epigrammi in Greco della Sicili…

(Ἀκεσίνης; Akesínēs). [German version] [1] River in Sicily River in  Sicily (Thuc. 4,25,8 Ἀχεσίνης; Achesínēs, Plin. HN 3,88 Asines), the modern Alcantara, which rises north of Randazzo, runs along the northern foot of Mount  Aetna [1] [2. 137], and flows, south of  Naxos, into the  Ionios Kolpos, identical with the Assinus (depicted as a horned youth on the obverse of a coin from Naxos, bearing the legend ΑΣΣΙΝΟΣ [1. 65 f., 93 f.]. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἀλόντιον; Halóntion). City on the north coast of Sicily (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,51; Cic. Verr. 2,3,103; 2,4,51; Plin. HN 3,90; 14,80: viticulture), modern San Marco d'Anunzio. For the gymnasium of H., cf. SEG 26, 1060 (revision in [1]). For coin production cf. [2. 5-16]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 G. Manganaro, Sikelika, 1988 2 F. Bianco, Archeologia Storica di Messina, 1993.

[German version] (Ἰμάχαρα; Imáchara). Small town in Sicily (Cic. Verr. 2,3,47; Plin. HN 3,91; Ptol. 3,4,12,3; preserved are kerykeion, IG XIV 589, litrai in two versions). The identification with the excavation site near Nissoria is conceivable. There was a river in the area of I. (reverse of the litra). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica (Testimonia Siciliae antiqua 1,1), Kokalos Suppl. 4, 1981, 190 R. J. A. Wilson, Sicily under the Roman Empire, 145, 378 no. 14 S. Cataldi, s.v. I., BTCGI 8, 238-247…

(Ὕβλα; Hýbla). [German version] [1] H. Megale/Heraea (Ὕ. Μεγάλη; H. Megálē, Ἡραία; Hēraía). The existence of H. is indisputable (differing: [6]), but the location of the city near Ragusa (on Sicily) is not clearly determined. Hippocrates, the ruler of H., died during the siege by the Siculans in 491 BC (Hdt. 7,155,1). H. had three bronze coin emissions with the legend Ὕβλας Μεγάλας, their circulation was limited to a small area (around Ragusa, Modica, Vizzini). Of great importance is the list of the theorodokoi of Delphi, in which Υβλας appears after Camarina and before Herget…

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[German version] (Ἀμενανός; Amenanós). The modern river of Giudicello, which still runs under the cathedral square of Catania; in antiquity, it supplied water to  Catana (depicted as a minotaurus on the earliest tetradrachmas: BMC, Greek, Sicilia, 48 ff.; on bronze coins of the 1st cent. BC reclining in Nile fashion; cf. Pind. Pyth. 1,132; Str. 5,3,13; Ov. Met. 15,279; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κατάνη; Katánē). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography …

[German version] (Ἴνυκον; Ínykon). Place in Sicily (Hsch. s.v. Ἰνυκῖνος οἶνος; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.), whose wine was famous.  Charax identifies I. with Camicus, the residence of Cocalus (FGrH 103 F 58).  Hippocrates [4] of Gela held Scythes of Cos and Pythogenes captive in I., before they successfully escaped to Himera (Hdt. 6,23f.). The sophist Hippias is said to have earned more than twenty minai near the ‘small village of I.’ (Pl. Hp. mai. 282e). I. can be located between Selinus and Acragas, possibly near Camicus (modern S. Angelo Muxaro). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bi…

[German version] (Ἀκις; Ákis) Son of  Faunus and a daughter of the river god Symaethus, lover of the Nereid  Galatea, killed out of jealousy by the Cyclops  Polyphemus and turned into the river A. (Ov. Met. 13,780-897). A., most likely th…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἑρβησσός; Herbēssós). Siculian town, modern Montagna di Marzo near Piazza Armerina (Sicily), clearly identified through bronze coins and silver litrai. Literary references: Diod. Sic. 14,7,6-8 (404 BC); 78,7 (396 BC); 20,31,5 (309 BC); 23,8,1; Pol. 1,18,9 (attests, in the report on 262 BC, the geographical proximity of H. to Acragas). Other references: coin hoards of 214-212 BC from M. di Marzo; inscriptions in the Siculian language and script; Greek graffiti; a new, onomastically interesting type of clay …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἀγύριον; Agýrion). Town of the  Siculi in the interior of  Sicily, 25 km north-east of Henna, modern Agira, with cult of  Heracles who reputedly visited A. (Diod. Sic. 4,24). At the beginning of the 4th cent. BC, it was settled with 20,000 citizens under the tyrant Agyris (Diod. Sic. 14,95). In 339 BC, Timoleon ousted the tyrant Apolloniades, initiated the settlement of 10,000 Greeks; brisk b…

[German version] (Ἀσσίναρος, Ἀσίναρος; As[s]ínaros). River in Sicily, modern Noto, south of the Erineus, about 25 km from Syracuse, famous for the capitulation of the Athenians who sought safety there after the siege of Syracuse in 413 BC (Thuc. 7,84f.; Diod. Sic. 13,19,2; Plut. Nicias 27; Paus. 7,16,5). Endowment of a festival. Manganaro…

[German version] (Κιμίσσα; Kimíssa). Town in Sicily, known from two silver coins ( lítra; hēmídrachmon) from the time of  Timoleon (mid 4th cent. BC); obverse: nymph's head, decorated with earrings, necklace and crown, bearing the legend ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ, reverse: altar with burning sacrificial fire and the legend ΚΙΜΙΣΣΑΙΩΝ (finding-place: Raffe di Mussomeli Agrigento); that is also the probably location of C. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography …

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[German version] (Ἴνησσα; Ínēssa). Siculian city on the southern slope of Mount Etna ( Aetne [1]) between Catana and Centoripae, occupied, after the death of Hieron I in 461 BC, by the settlers driven out of Catana, renamed Aetne [2], with the consecration of Hieron as Founder (οἰκιστής; oikistḗs, Diod. Sic. 11,76,3; Str. 6,2,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.; cf. Thuc. 3,103,1; 6,94,3). Should be identified with Cività in Santa Maria di Licodia rather than Poira. Mangana…