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Tas̲h̲kent

(3,788 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Bosworth, C.E. | Poujol, Catherine
, usually written Tās̲h̲kend or Tas̲h̲kend in Arabic and Persian manuscripts, a large town in Central Asia, in the oasis of the Čirčik, watered by one of the right bank tributaries of the Si̊r Daryā [ q.v.] or Jaxartes now, since the break-up of the USSR, in the Uzbekistan Republic (lat. 41° 16’ N., long. 69° 13’ E.). 1. History till 1865. Nothing is known of the origin of the settlement on the Čirčik. According to the Greek and Roman sources, there were only nomads on the other side of the Jaxartes. In the earliest Chinese sources (from the 2nd century B.…

Turkistān

(3,023 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Bosworth, C.E. | Poujol, Catherine
, Turkestan , a Persian term meaning “land of the Turks”. 1. As a designation for the Central Asian lands to the north of modern Persia and Afg̲h̲ānistān. This roughly corresponded to the older Transoxania or Mā warāʾ al-nahr [ q.v.] and the steppe lands to its north, although these last were from Mongol times onwards (sc. the 13th century) often distinguished as Mog̲h̲olistān [ q.v.]. To the Persians, of course, only the southern frontier of the land of the Turks, the frontier against Īrān, was of importance and this frontier naturally depended on political conditions. On ¶ their very firs…

Toḳmaḳ

(621 words)

Author(s): Poujol, Catherine
, a town in the modern Kirghizistan Republic (lat. 42° 49′ N., long. 75° 15′ E.), on the left bank of the Ču river [ q.v.], near the Ala Tau mountain chain and 60 km/37 miles to the east of Bis̲h̲kek [see pis̲h̲pek ]. It is near the ancient site of Suyāb (Su yek in Chinese sources) where the Turkic tribes of the Western Turkish kag̲h̲anate (603-704) (notably the Kag̲h̲an’s own clan) had their winter quarters and carried on trade with the Chinese. These last destroyed the kag̲h̲anate when in 748 the Chinese army marched westwards for its final confrontation with the Arab army at Talas [see ṭarāz …

Tarančis

(1,400 words)

Author(s): Poujol, Catherine
, a Turkic Muslim people originally from the Kās̲h̲g̲h̲ar oasis in southern Sinkiang [ q.v.]/Xinjiang, where some of the original stock remained. Most of them were displaced, at the same time as the Dungans or Tungans [ q.v.] (T’ung-kan/Hui) towards the middle Ili valley to the northwest of Chinese Turkestan, where they were able to take advantage of this fertile region by displacing the Dzungars (also called Kalmucks), who had lived there until they were massacred in 1758 by the Ching/Qing power. Six thousand Taranči families are …