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[German Version] I. History 1. Middle Ages and Reformation. The university, the most important academic institution devoted to teach-¶ ing (Education/Formation) and research today, is a creation of the medieval West. Its appearance marked a deep caesura in the history of Western science, especially in the history of theology (Theology, History/Historiography of). The multiplicity of institutions involved in acquiring and transmitting knowledge (monasteries, cathedral schools, monastery schools, schools run by inde…

[German Version] (Aug 30, 1877, Bückeburg – Oct 27, 1962, Berlin), Jesuit theologian and eugenicist. After studying theology and the natural sciences, he taught in several Jesuit colleges, specializing in zoology. Under the influence of Alfred Ploetz, during World War I he began to work on eugenics (see also Racism). His Kind und Volk (1919) became popular. Capitalizing on his influence, Muckermann campaigned among the Catholic population for eugenics grounded in the family and aligned with Catholic social teaching, including voluntary sterilizati…