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(t.), a term of Ottoman Turkish administration. This series of “Registers of Important Affairs” is for the most part kept in the Başbakanlık Arşivi-Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul. Two hundred and sixty-three registers are ¶ catalogued as Mühimme Defterleri (MD), but in addition, we find registers and fragments of registers in other series which help fill some of the gaps in the MD series. On the other hand, thirteen registers catalogued as MDs are really appointment registers ( ruűs defterleri). Two registers in the Kâmil Kepeci section are also MDs, and two others have been l…

, modern Turkish Nevşehir, a town of central Anatolia in the Cappadocia of classical antiquity. It lies 60 km/40 miles to the west of Kayseri [see Ḳayṣariyya ] and 13 km/9 miles south of the Kızıl Irmak river [ q.v.] at an altitude of approx. 1,180 m/3,600 feet (lat. 38° 38′ N., long. 34° 43′ E.). It is now the chef-lieu of an il or province of the same name; in 1970 the town had a population of 57,556 and the il one of 231,873. The News̲h̲ehir region was in the 6th to 9th centuries AD known for its monastic caves, and became a frontier region during the Arab invasions. The inha…

, modern form İzmi̇t , a town of northwestern Turkey, lying at the head of the Gulf of Izmit (Izmit Körfezi) in lat. 40° 47′ N., long. 29° 55′ E. It is the classical Nicomedia, named after Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who in 264 B.C. founded it as his new capital. The Roman emperor Diocletian made it in the late 3rd century A.D. his capital in the east; it was there that he abdicated in 305 (see W. Ruge, art. Nikomedeia , in PW, xvii/1, cols. 468-92). The spelling Nikumīdiyya appears in such Arabic geographers as Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih and al-Idrīsī, and subsequently, forms like Izn…

(a.), pl. aswāḳ , market. 1. In the traditional Arab world. Sūḳ , market, is a loanword from Aramaic s̲h̲ūḳā with the same meaning. Like the French term marché and the English market , the Arabic word sūḳ has acquired a double meaning: it denotes both the commercial exchange of goods or services and the place in which this exchange is normally conducted. Analysis of the sūḳ is thus of interest to the economic and social historian as well as to the archaeologist and the urban topographer. The substantial textual documentation which is available has as yet been …

, Eriwan , the capital city of Armenia, possibly identical with the town called Arran by the Arab geographers Ibn Rusta and Ibn Faḳīh, which in Armenian is called Hrastan and Rewān in Ottoman sources. In Islamic times, the town seems to have become important from the mid-10th/16th century onward. The city is located close to the Armenian patriarchal seat of Echmiadzin, often referred to as Üčkilise “Three Churches” in Ottoman and European sources, even though there are actually four churches. In the 10th/16th century, the town fo…

1. The town. The modern Turkish Malazgird constitutes a district ( ilçe ) centre in the province ( il) of Muş in eastern Anatolia. The area surrounding the town is rich in cuneiform inscriptions, and it is possible that the battle between Tiglathpileser I and the Naīri kings took place in the area. The name of the town itself, which probably goes back no further than the Parthian period, in Old Armenian is recorded as Manavazakert, Manavazkert and Manazkert, while the oldest Arabic form is Manāzd̲j̲ird. It has be…

, physician and official for the Ottoman sultan Meḥemmed the Conqueror. Ottoman, Jewish and Venetian sources provide information about him, called Jacopo or Giacomo in Italian sources, yet due to the possibility that other personalities named Yaʿḳūb or even anonymous ones may have been intended by some of the surviving texts, much of his life remains obscure. He was born around 829-34/1425-30 and came from the Italian town of Gaeta. Of a Jewish family, he remained a Jew through most of his career, but beca…

(a.), a technical term of Ottoman administration. Derived from an Arabic verb which denotes “writing”, this word is at times used in the same sense in Ottoman Turkish as well. But as a technical term, taḥrīr has come to denote the Ottoman tax registers for the most part compiled during the 9th-10th/15th-16th centuries ( Başbakanlik Osmanh arşivi rehberi, Ankara 1992, 186-228, records them under this term, a synonym being tapu taḥrīr defterleri). This is one of the best-known series of the Ottoman archives, which in turn can be subdivided into defter-i mufaṣṣal , defter-i id̲j̲māl and defte…

, a name used for several princesses of the Ottoman dynasty, among others for a daughter of Bāyezīd II (M. Çağatay Uluçay, Padişahlarin kadinlari ve kizlan , Ankara 1980, 29) and for a daughter of Muṣṭafā III ( ibid., 10), who endowed a mosque and zāwiye complex in Eyüp, Istanbul, still extant today. Here we will deal with two 10th/16th century princesses bearing This name. 1. S̲h̲āh Sulṭān, also known as S̲h̲āhī Sulṭān or Dewlets̲h̲āhī, daughter of Selīm I, was married before 929/1523 to Lüṭfī Pas̲h̲a, with whom she may have spent some time in Epirus. From T…

, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chronology of the dynasty The Ottoman empire was the territorially most extensive and most enduring Islamic state since the break-up of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate and the greatest one to be founded by Turkish-speaking peoples. It arose in the Islamic world after the devastations over much of the eastern and central lands of the Dār al-Islām …

, modern Tksh. Muğla , a town of south-western Anatolia. In Antiquity it was known as Mobolla or Mogolla; the Byzantine period has not left any traces either in Mug̲h̲la itself or its immediate environment. From the second half of the 7th/13th century onward, the area was conquered by the Turks and became the site of the Mentes̲h̲e Og̲h̲ullari̊ [ q.v.] principality. This principality was centred upon Milas and Pečin (the latter settlement was finally abandoned in the middle of the 20th century and is today an important archeological site). Mug̲h̲la was s…

, Sinope , modern Turkish Sin op, a town and seaport on the north coast of Asia Minor, in the classical Paphlagonia, between the mouths of the Saḳarya [ q.v.] and the Ḳi̊zi̊l I̊rmaḳ [ q.v.] and about equidistant from the ports of Ṣamsūn and Ineboli, 120 km/75 miles to the north-east of Ḳasṭamūnī [ q.v.] (lat. 42° 05′ N., long. 35° 09′ E.). It’is the celebrated Σινώπη of the ancients and has retained this name. Muslim authors know it by the name of Sanūb (Abu ’l-Fidāʾ, 392, and Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Masālik al-abṣār , ed. Quatremère, in NE, xiii, 361), Ṣanūb (Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, ii, 348), Sināb (…

, a town of north central Anatolia, lying some 160 km/100 miles east of Ankara on both sides of a tributary of the Delice Irmak (lat. 39° 50’ N., long. 34° 48’ E., altitude 1,320 m/4,330 feet). It was founded by members of the D̲j̲ebbārzāde/Čapanog̲h̲lu family (supposedly yoz means “pasture, herd”, while gat is a dialectal word for “town”). On record since 1116/1704, this dynasty, possibly of Mamalu-Türkmen background, constituted one of the major aʿyān lines of central Anatolia, controlling a territory far beyond its original power-base in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Bozoḳ ( wilāyet …

(a.), pl. raʿāyā , literally “pasturing herd of cattle, sheep, etc.”, a term which in later Islam came to designate the mass of subjects, the taxpaying common people, as opposed to the ruling military and learned classes. 1. In the mediaeval Islamic world. Ḳurʾānic use of the verb raʿā and its derivatives ¶ covers the two semantic fields of “to pasture flocks” (e.g. XX, 56/54; XXVIII, 23) and “to tend, look after someone’s interests” (e.g. XXIII, 8; LVII, 27; LXX, 32). Since other Near Eastern religions and cultures have evolved the image of the …

, the form found in Islamic sources from the 6th/12th century onwards for the Turkish town of Si̇vas , a town of north-east central Anatolia, lying in the broad valley of the Kızıl Irmak [ q.v.] at an altitude of 1,275 m/4,183 feet (lat. 39° 44′ N., long. 37° 01′ E.). It is now the chef-lieu of the il or province of the same name in the modern Turkish Republic. There may well have been a Hittite settlement there, but the site only emerges into history as the Roman city of Sebasteia, the capital of Armenia Minor under Diocletian. It was a wealthy and flourishing ci…

(a.). 1. Ḳurʾānic and early Arabic usage. Sid̲j̲ill is an Arabic word for various types of documents, especially of an official or juridical nature. It has long been recognised (first, it seems, by Fraenkel) that it goes back ultimately to Latin sigillum , which in the classical language means “seal” (i.e. both “sealmatrix” and “seal-impression”), but which in Mediaeval Latin is used also for the document to which a seal has been affixed; it was borrowed into Byzantine Greek as σιγίλλ(ι)ον, “seal, treaty, imperial edict”, and then, via Aramaic (e.g. Syriac sygylywn …

, the Turkish form of Trebizond , Greek Τραπεζοῦς, a town on the Black Sea shores of northern Anatolia. At the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire after the Frankish-Venetian conquest of Byzantium in 600-601 /1204, Ṭarabzun, which had been occupied briefly by the Sald̲j̲ūḳs at the end of the 6th/11th century, became the centre of a principality governed by a branch of the Comnene dynasty. The latter continued to use the Byzantine imperial title, and the strong walls of the Citadel and Middle City (Orta Ḥiṣār), whi…

, Ottoman princess (d. 1220/1805), probably the sixth in rank among the ḳadi̊n s of Sultan ʿAbdülḥamīd I. She was the mother of a prince who died young and of Princess Hibetullāh Sulṭān (b. 1202/1788). In 1212/1798 she acquired the čiftlik of D̲j̲ihān-zāde Ḥüseyin Beg, and also owned agricultural land in the vicinity of Salonica or Selānik [ q.v.], apart from a pension out of the funds of the Istanbul customs. S̲h̲ebṣefā Ḳadi̊n is noted for the foundation bearing her name in the Istanbul area of Zeyrek, established in 1202/1787 according to the inscrip…

, forme moderne İzmi̇t, port du Nordouest de la Turquie, (40° 47′ N; 29° 55′ E) située sur la rive Nord du Golfe d’Izmit (Izmit Körfezi). C’est la Nicomédie classique, dont le nom dérive de Nicomède Ier de Bithynie, qui en 264 av. J.-C. fonda la ville pour en faire sa nouvelle capitale. L’empereur romain Dioclétien la choisit pour capitale de l’Est au IIIe s. ap. J.-C.; il y abdiqua en 305 (voir W. Ruge, art. Nikomedeia, dans PW, XVII/1, cols. 468-92). L’orthographe Nikumīdiyya apparaît chez des géographes arabes tels Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih et al-Idrīsī, et, par la suite, o…

, nom d’une dynastie turque, d’origine og̲h̲uze [voir G̲h̲uzz], qui figure dans les sources européennes sous les formes Ottomans (angl. et fr.), Osmanlis (fr.), Osmanen (all.), etc. ¶ I. L’histoire politique et dynastique. II. L’histoire sociale et économique. III. La littérature. IV. La vie religieuse. V. L’architecture. VI. Les tapis et étoffes. VII. La céramique, le travail des métaux et les arts mineurs. VIII. La peinture. IX. La numismatique. I. L’histoire politique et dynastique, —1. Vue générale et chronologie de la dynastie. L’empire ottoman a été l’État islamique le …