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, conventional rendering Sialkot, a town in the Pand̲j̲āb situated in 32° 30′ N. and 74° 32′ E., the foundation of which is attributed by legend to Rād̲j̲ā Sālā, the uncle of the Pāṇḍavas, and its restoration to Rād̲j̲ā Sālivāhan, in the time of Vikramāditya. Sālivahān had two sons, Pūran, killed by the instrumentality of a wicked step-mother, and thrown into a well, still the resort of pilgrims, near the town, and Rasālu, the mythical hero of Pand̲j̲ā…

, Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ ʿIzz al-Dīn , Turkish Atabeg in Fārs of the Salg̲h̲urid line [ q.v.], reigned in S̲h̲īrāz from 599/1202-3 until most probably 623/1226. On the death of his elder brother Takla/Tekele (Degele, etc.?) b. Zangī in 594/1198, Saʿd claimed power in Fārs, but his claim was contested by his ¶ cousin Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l, the son of his father’s elder brother Sunḳur, who had founded the dynasty. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l retained the royal title for nine years, but throughout that period warfare between him and his cousin continued without a decisive result for…

(a. and p.), a title meaning “Lord of the (auspicious) conjunction”. Ḳirān means a conjunction of the planets, ḳirān al-saʿdayn [see al-saʿdān ] a conjunction of the two auspicious planets (Jupiter and Venus), and ḳirān al-naḥsayn a conjunction of the two inauspicious planets (Saturn and Mars). In the title, the word refers, of course, to the former only. The Persian i of the iḍāfa is omitted, as in ṣāḥib-dil , by fakk-i iḍāfa. The title was first assumed by the Amīr Tīmūr, who is said to have been born under a fortunate conjunction, but with whom its assumption was…

, “the head of the bridge”, called by Arab geographers Raʾs al-Ḳanṭara, is a town of Afg̲h̲ān Turkistān (lat. 36° 13′ N., long. 65° 55′ E., alt. 610 m/2,007 feet), on the Āb-i Safīd, from the bridge over which it takes its name. It is not to be confused with a village near Samarḳand or a quarter of Nīs̲h̲āpūr, both of the same name, each of which is historically as important as the Afg̲h̲ān town. Between the northern spurs of the Paropamisus and the sa…

, ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī mīrzā d̲j̲ānī , the Bābī historian, was a merchant of Kās̲h̲ān who, with two of his three brothers, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mīrzā Ismāʿīl Ḍabīḥ and Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mīrzā Aḥmad, was among the earliest disciples of Mīrzā ʿAlī Muḥammad, the Bāb [ q.v.]. When in 1847 the Bāb was being conducted from Iṣfahān to his prison at Mākū, the brothers bribed his escort to allow him to be their guest for two days and two nights at Kās̲h̲ān. In the following year Kās̲h̲ānī, with Bahāʾ Allāh, Ṣubḥ-i Azal and other prominent disciples-, attempted to joi…

, Muʿizz al-Dīn , the second king of the Sayyid dynasty of Dihlī, was the son of K̲h̲iḍr K̲h̲ān [ q.v.], the first king, and succeeded his father on 19 D̲j̲umādā I 824/22 May 1421. The limits of his kingdom were then restricted to a few districts of Hindūstān proper and Multān, and he was obliged to desist from an attempt to establish his authority in the Pand̲j̲āb by the necessity of relieving Gwalior, menaced by Hūs̲h̲ang of Mālwa [ q.v.], who raised the siege and met him, but after an indecisive action came to terms and retired to Mālwa. From 828/1425 to 830/1427 he was …

, Muḥammad, fourteenth emperor of Dihlī of the house of Tīmūr, was born in 1686-1687. and was the second son of Muḥammad ʿAẓīm (ʿAẓīm al-S̲h̲aʾn), third son of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam Bahādur S̲h̲āh. His early life was spent in Bengal, where his father was governor, but when Ḏj̲ahāndār ascended the throne he was summoned to Dihlī, doubtless in order that he might share the fate of his father and elder brother. He fled from Ḍhākā and took refuge in Patna and owing to the general disgust excited by Ḏj̲ahāndār…

, ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, son of Mulūk S̲h̲āh, born at Basāwar in the sarkār of Sambhal in A. H. 947 or 949 (A. D. 1540-41 or 1542-43). After a studious life as a youth, one of his teachers being S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Mubārak, father of Faiḍī and Abu ’l-Faḍl, he entered the service of Ḥusain Ḵh̲ān Ṭukriya (“the Patcher”), but was transferred, as an imām. in April 1574 to the service of Akbar. Abu ’l-Faḍl entered the emperor’s service in the same year. The restraints of the court were irksome to Badāʾūnī and before 1579 be absented himself without leave. In that year he was restored to the service as a muns̲h̲ī or secreta…

, the most famous and glorious of the native dynasties of Persia since the introduction of Islām, which takes its name from S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn Isḥāḳ [q. v.], from whom its founder, Ismāʿīl Ṣafawī [cf. ismāʿīl I], was sixth in descent. The family had long been settled at Ardabīl [q. v.] as hereditary spiritual instructors of the people, and at ¶ the end of the sixteenth century Ismāʿīl, after the death of his two elder brothers, extended his authority by degrees over S̲h̲īrwān, Ād̲h̲arbāīd̲j̲ān, ʿIrāḳ and the rest of Persia, “the ground having been as…

, a city and fortress in the Dakhan, formerly the capital of the Muḥammadan kingdom of Telingana. Its site was originally occupied by a mud fort built by the Hindū rulers of the country and the primitive structure was strengthened and improved by the Bahmanl kings of the Dakhan. Sulṭān Ḳulī Ḳuṭb al-Mulk, who was appointed governor of western Telingana in 1495 by Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh Bahmanī, made Golkonda the headquarters of his administration, rebuilt the fortifications with stone, and called his city…

, the second king of the G̲h̲ūrī dynasty of Mālwā, ascended the throne in 1405-1406. In 1407 Muẓaffar I of Gud̲j̲arāt invaded Mālwā, defeated and captured Hos̲h̲angs̲h̲āh, and imprisoned him on the ground that he had poisoned his father, who had been Muẓaffar’s friend. Hos̲h̲angs̲h̲āh was released and regained his kingdom but throughout his reign was engaged in constant hostilities with Gud̲j̲arāt, from which his kingdom suffered severely. In 1420 Hos̲h̲angs̲h̲āh annexed the Gond state of Kherla…

, Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn, son of Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad, was born at Sāwa (whence his nisba Sāwad̲j̲i) at the beginning of the fourteenth century. His father, who was a scribe in the service of government, gave him a good education and he gained the favour of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ḥasan Buzurg, the Ḏj̲alāʾir of ʿIrāḳ, by an ode which he composed in his praise. S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ḥasan and his wife, Dils̲h̲ād Ḵh̲ātūn, made him tutor to their son S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Uwais, at whose court he held a high position as the most dist…

, Muʿizz al-Dīn, the second king of the Saiyid dynasty of Dihlī, was the son of Ḵh̲iḍr Ḵh̲ān, the first king, and succeeded his father on May 22, 1421. The limits of his kingdom were then restricted to a few districts of Hindūstān proper and Multān, and he was obliged to desist from an attempt to establish his authority in the Pand̲j̲āb by the necessity for relieving Gwalior, menaced by Hūs̲h̲ang of Mālwa, who raised the siege and met him, but after an indecisive action came to terms and retired t…

, or rather Soma Nāth (“Moon lord”) is an ancient town situated in 20° 53′ N. and 70° 28′ E. at the eastern extremity of a bay on the south coast of Kāthīāwār. On the western headland of the bay stands the port of Verāval, and on the sea-shore, half way between the two towns, is an ancient temple dedicated to S̲h̲īva. ¶ The town was the object of the most famous of the raids of Maḥmūd of G̲h̲aznī [q. v.] into India, in 1024. The invader reached Somnāth early in 1025, captured the town, desecrated the temple, and destroyed the idol, a lingam, two pieces of which were sent to G̲h̲aznī, one to Makka…

, Farīd al-Dīn, founder of the Sūr dynasty of Dihlī, was the son of Ḥasan Ḵh̲ān, of the Sūr tribe of Afg̲h̲āns [q. v.] who received from Sikandar Lodī the fief of Sahsarām in Bihār. S̲h̲īr Ḵh̲ān pursued his studies assiduously at Ḏj̲awnpūr, and afterwards, in the administration of his father’s fiefs, obtained a minute knowledge of all the details of revenue administration. He was presented to Bābur, but, alarmed by the instinctive dislike which the emperor conceived for him, fled from his court. H…

, Muʿizz al-Dīn b. Sām, was the fourth of the S̲h̲ansabānī princes of G̲h̲ūr to rule the empire of G̲h̲aznī. His name was originally S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn, but he assumed that of Muʿizz al-Dīn. His elder brother G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn succeeded his cousin Saif al-Dīn in 1163 and made Muḥammad governor of Herāt, entrusting to him also the duty of extending the dominions of the house in India. Muḥammad led his first expedition into India in 1175, expelled the Ismāʿīlian heretics wo ruled Multān, placed an orthodox governor in that province, and captured Uččh. In 1178 he r…

This dynasty was founded by Malik Rād̲j̲a, son of Ḵh̲ānd̲j̲ahān Fārūḳī, who claimed descent from the second Ḵh̲alīfa, ʿUmar al-Fārūḳ (ʿthe Discriminator’) and was one of the amīrs of ʿAlā al-Dīn Ḵh̲ild̲j̲ī and Muḥammad b. Tag̲h̲laḳ. Fīrūz Tag̲h̲laḳ gave Malik Rād̲j̲a a d̲j̲agīr iu Ḵh̲āndes̲h̲. and afterwards made him governor of that province. On the disruption of the empire after the death of Fīrūz in 1388 he became virtually independent and his eldest son Naṣīr Ḵh̲ān, who succeeded him on his death (April 9, 1399), formally proclaimed…

, the name given to the dynasty of Emperors of Hindustān founded by Bābur in 932 (1526), in virtue of the claim made by Tīmūr, the ancestor of the dynasty, to relationship with the family of the Mongol (Mug̲h̲al) Čingiz Ḵh̲ān [q. v.]. For the detailed history of the dynasty see the articles bābar, humāyūn, akbar, d̲j̲ahāngīr, s̲h̲āh-d̲j̲ahān, awrangzēb, and their successors. I. The mug̲h̲al empire to the death of awrangzēb: A. Military Organization. B. Economics and Administration. ¶ II. The decline of the mug̲h̲al empire. III. Mug̲h̲al architecture in india. I. The mug̲h̲al empire to …

, Muḥammad Ḳāsim Hindū S̲h̲āh, known as Firis̲h̲ta (born 960 = 1552, died after 1033 = 1623), of Astarābād in northern Persia, was brought to Aḥmadnagar as a child in ¶ the reign of Ḥusain Niẓām S̲h̲āh I and, while yet a youth, entered the service of Murtaẓā Niẓām S̲h̲āh I. The persecution of foreigners which followed the murder of Ḥusain II drove him to Bīd̲j̲āpūr where, in January 1590, he entered the service of Ibrāhīm ʿĀdil S̲h̲āh II. Shortly afterwards he wrote Ik̲h̲tiyārāt-i Ḳāsimī, a work on medicine, and Ibrāhīm, pleased with its style and aware of Firis̲h̲ta’s devotion…

, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī, of Mālwa, was raised to the throne on May 2, 1511, on the death of his father, Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī. The early days of his reign were disturbed by rebellions on behalf of his brothers, and of other pretenders, and he was once driven from his capital, but was enabled to return and expel the rebels by the assistance of Mednī Rāy, with a force of Rād̲j̲pūts. The king soon had reason to repent of. having accepted their aid, for Mednī Rāy assumed the place of minister, an…