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Money, money economy

(6,610 words)

Author(s): Renger, Johannes (Berlin) | von Reden, Sitta (Bristol) | Crawford, Michael Hewson (London) | Morrisson, Cécile (Paris) | Kuchenbuch, Ludolf (Hagen)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt As early as the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC metals (copper and silver, later also tin and gold) fulfilled monetary functions as a medium of exchange, a means of payment for religious, legal or other liabilities, a measure of value and a means of storing wealth. Until the 1st millennium fungible goods, primarily corn, also served as a medium of exchange and measure of value. Economies in the Near East and Egypt were characterised by subsistence production, self-sufficient palace and oîkos economies. The need for goods or services w…
Source: Brill’s New Pauly

Geld, Geldwirtschaft

(6,043 words)

Author(s): Renger, Johannes (Berlin) | von Reden, Sitta (Bristol) | Crawford, Michael Hewson (London) | Morrisson, Cécile (Paris) | Kuchenbuch, Ludolf (Hagen)
[English version] I. Alter Orient und Ägypten Bereits zu Beginn des 3. Jt. v.Chr. haben Metalle (Kupfer und Silber, später auch Zinn und Gold) die G.-Funktionen als Tauschmittel oder Tauschvermittler, Zahlungsmittel für rel., rechtliche oder sonstige Verpflichtungen, Wertmesser und Schatzmittel erfüllt. Daneben haben bis ins 1. Jt. vertretbare Güter, v.a. Getreide, als Tauschmittel und Wertmesser gedient. Wirtschaft im vorderen Orient und Ägypten war durch Subsistenzproduktion, autarke Palast- und Oiko…
Source: Der Neue Pauly