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Demandt, Alexander (Berlin RWG) I. Ancient History (CT) [German version] A. Definitions and Scope (CT) By Altertum ('Antiquity'“)”, Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, newly revised since 1890 by Georg Wissowa, understands the culture of the 'Classical' peoples of the Greeks and Romans, with the additions of the Ancient Orient, inclusive of Egypt, insofar as it has connecting links to the former; of the ancient peripheral cultures (Arabs, Germanic tribes, Jews, Carthaginians, Celts, Numidia…

Kuhlmann, Peter (Düsseldorf/Gießen RWG) [German version] A. History of the Concept (CT) The term antiquity originated as a borrowing from the French adjective antique. It came to designate, after a fairly lengthy semantic development, a historical period ( Epochs, concept of) that, since the 18th cent. is synonymous with the German substantive ‘Altertum ’(ancient times) that had been used for centuries to denote Greco-Roman Antiquity. The adjective antique (from the Latin antiquus) was introduced into French in the 16th cent. by the Humanists and at first meant ‘ol…

Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) I. Classical Archaeology (CT) [German version] A. Comparative Chronology (CT) Before any artefacts can be placed within an historical time scale, it makes sense to determine their relationship to each other (comparative chronology) by means of stratigraphy and by observing how morphological changes in objects take place. The basic principles of stratigraphy were established by geologists during the first half of the 19th cent. In 1847, J. Boucher de Perthes applied the observations made about the layers of the earth …

Bäbler, Balbina I. Klassische Archäologie (RWG) [English version] A. Relative Zeitrechnung (RWG) Bevor Artefakte in der histor. Zeitskala verankert werden, ist es sinnvoll, ihr zeitliches Verhältnis zueinander zu bestimmen (relative Z.), was anhand von Stratigraphie und Beobachtungen von morphologischen Veränderungen an Objekten erfolgt. Grundlagen der Stratigraphie waren in der ersten H. des 19. Jh. von Geologen gelegt worden; 1847 übertrug J. Boucher de Perthes die an den Erdschichten gemachten Beobachtungen auf die darin gefundenen …

Demandt, Alexander (Berlin) RWG I. Alte Geschichte (RWG) [English version] A. Definitionen und Abgrenzungen (RWG) Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, neu bearbeitet seit 1890 von Georg Wissowa, versteht unter “Altertum” die Kultur der “klass.” Völker der Griechen und Römer, ergänzt um den Alten Orient einschließlich Ägyptens, soweit er mit jenen in Verbindung steht, um die ant. Randkulturen (Araber, Germanen, …

Kuhlmann, Peter (Düsseldorf/Gießen) RWG [English version] A. Begriffsgeschichte (RWG) Die Bezeichnung A. stammt als Lehnwort vom frz. Adjektiv antique. Sie tritt nach einer längeren semantischen Entwicklung als Epochenbegriff syn. neben das seit dem 18. Jh. vorhandene Substantiv “Altertum” für die Zeit der griech.-röm. A. Das Adjektiv antique (von lat. antiquus) wurde im 16. Jh. von den Humanisten ins Frz. eingeführt und bedeutet zunächst “alt”, dann auch seit Rabelais: “antik, das Altertum betreffend”. Schon im Lat. des frühen MA konnten antiquus bzw. antiquitas die Zeit …

Johannes van Meurs; Dutch philologist. Born near The Hague 9. 2. 1579, died Sorø (Denmark) 20. 9. 1639. Studied at Leiden; 1608 doctorate of law, Orléans. 1610–1620 prof. of history and Greek at Leiden; from 1611 also official historian of the States-General. From 1625 prof. of history and politics at Sorø, and Danish court historian. Work and influence M. attended the Univ. of Leiden from the age of just 12, and became prodigiously erudite even as a youth. At just 16, he wrote a philological commentary on Lycophron’s mysterious poem Alexandra (publ. Leiden 1597). At 20, he became tu…

German classical philologist. Born Friedberg (Hessen) 9. 3. 1882; died Mainz 12. 7. 1969. 1900–1905 studied at Giessen, Berlin and Munich. 1904 doctorate at Giessen, then assistant to Erich Bethe at Leipzig. 1909 habil. in Giessen. Priv.-doz., then from 1916 prof. ext. at Leipzig; from 1923 prof. ord. in classical philology at Dorpat (Tartu), from 1934 at Giessen, from 1940 in Breslau. 1945 fled to Giessen. 1946–1950 prof. ord. at Mainz. Work and influence S. studied classical philology, mainly at Giessen, with short periods also at Berlin and Munich. After his assist…

Bordone, Giulio (della Scala). Italian Humanist, poet and literary theorist. Father of Joseph Justus Scaliger. Born Riva del Garda 23. 4. 1484, died Agen (Aquitaine) 21. 10. 1558. Entered the Franciscan Order as a youth, later worked at printing house of Aldus Manutius in Venice. Soldier 1509–1515; studied in Padua until 1519. Worked a physician until around 1524; from 1524 in the service of Bishop Antonio della Rovere in France (Agen) and working as physician. 1538 prosecuted (and acquitted) for heresy. Work and influence S. was born into the humble family of a miniaturist fro…

Theodoros Gazes, Theodore of Gaza; Byzantine Humanist. Born Thessaloniki c. 1410, died San Giovanni a Piro (Campania) c. 1475. Studied at Constantinople 1422/23. 1440 moved to Italy; 1442 copyist at Milan; 1443 Greek teacher at Mantua; 1446 prof. of Greek at Univ. of Ferrara, 1448/49 rector. 1450 working as prof. and translator at Rome. 1455 at court of Alfonso I of Naples. Back at Rome from 1467; 1474 retirement to monastery of San Giovanni a Piro. Work and influence G. arrived young at Constantinople and began a clerical career there. He converted to Catholicism in Italy…

German classical philologist. Born Wilhelm Albrecht N., Stuttgart 16. 4. 1865, died there 18. 4. 1959. Studied classical philology at Tübingen and Berlin. 1889 doctorate in Tübingen. Schoolteacher and headmaster at Schwäbisch Hall, Heilbronn and Stuttgart; 1933 honorary prof. at Tübingen. Work and influence N. was born into a Protestant family that had produced several important theologians and philo-logists. His half-brother was the New Testament editor Eberhard N., and his son Walter became prof. of classical philology at Frankfurt. N. …

Dutch philologist. Born Leeuwarden or Utrecht 1542, died Leuven 1575. Studied Leuven from 1554, Paris from 1560. Thereafter lived and travelled as private scholar, including Italy (1560–1563). Work and Influence C. went to study at Leuven at the tender age of 12. In 1560 he went to Paris, where he met Jean Dorat and Joseph Justus Scaliger. Because of the unrest of the Wars of Religion, C. travelled to Italy in 1562, where he made an intensive study of manuscripts. C. was financially independent, and worked for no univ. Like his French teachers, and unlike most of his Dutch colleague…

Florentine philosopher, politician and writer. Born Florence 3. 5. 1469, died there 22. 6. 1527. 1498 member of the Florentine Chancery and secretary for foreign affairs. 1498–1512 travels through Italy and Europe as Florentine emissary. Arrested at Florence 1513, then banished by the Medici; 1514 private retirement to Sant’ Andrea in Percussina. From 1519 again some small assignments for the Medici. 1526 military advisor and emissary for Pope Clement VII. Career, works and influence M.’s life and work were closely linked with the political history of the city of Flor…

Latin Ruhnkenius; German-Dutch Humanist. Born Bedlin/Stolp (northern Pomerania) 2. 1. 1723, died Leiden 14. 5. 1798. School from 1739 at Collegium Fridericianum in Königsberg (where he was a school friend of Immanuel Kant). From 1741 studied first theology, then ancient history and Roman antiquities, also Roman law, at Wittenberg; doctorate there 1743. From 1743, studied Greek at Leiden; lecturer there. 1755–1757 travelled to Paris to study manuscripts. From 1761 prof. of history and eloquence at Leiden; 1763 refuse…

Austrian linguist and Indo-European scholar. Born Innsbruck 30. 11. 1869, died there 3. 10. 1924. School and studies in Innsbruck, 1894 doctorate and 1896 habil. there. Worked at Univ. Library. From 1907 prof. ext. at Innsbruck; from 1909 prof. ord. in Indo-European linguistics at Giessen; from 1912 prof. ord. at Innsbruck, 1916/17 rector of the univ. 1922 prof. ord. at Königsberg; 1923 prof. ord. at Breslau. Work and influence W. studied in Innsbruck and Leipzig with prominent teachers of the Neogrammarian school, including Karl Brugmann and August Leskien. Afte…

A. Concept and theory The concept of T. encompasses various forms of recoding a text from an original to a target language. Two criteria are of particular importance to the specific design of a T. [24.61–71]: (a) the 'purpose' of the T. in the broadest sense, i.e. the matter of the addressee of the T. and its intended aim; (b) the intended degree of correspondence or 'equivalence' between the T. and the original text [41]. A T. may, for instance, 'literally' imitate the grammatical structure in the target language (so-called morphematic T.: formal grammatical equiva…

Dt. Klass. Philologe. Geb. am 9. 3. 1882 in Friedberg (Hessen); gest. am 12. 7. 1969 in Mainz. 1900–1905 Studium in Gießen, Berlin und München; 1904 Prom. in Gießen; danach Assistent in Leipzig bei Erich Bethe; 1909 Habil. in Gießen. Danach PD, ab 1916 ao.Prof. in Leipzig; ab 1923 o.Prof. für Klass. Phil. in Dorpat (Tartu), ab 1934 in Gießen, ab 1940 in Breslau. 1945 Flucht nach Gießen. 1946–1950 o.Prof. in Mainz. Werk und Wirkung S. studierte Klass Philologie v. a. in Gießen, daneben kurzzeitig in Berlin und München. Nach der Assistentur (bei Bethe) und einer apl.…

Niederl. Philologe. Geb. 1542 in Leeuwarden oder Utrecht, gest. 1575 in Löwen. Studium ab 1554 in Löwen und ab 1560 in Paris. Danach Leben und Reisen als Privatgelehrter, z. T. in Italien (1560–1563). Werk und Wirkung C. kam bereits mit 12 Jahren zum Studium nach Löwen. 1560 ging er nach Paris, wo er Jean Dorat sowie Joseph Justus Scaliger begegnete. Aufgrund der konfessionellen Unruhen während der Hugenottenkriege reiste C. 1562 nach Italien, wo er intensive Handschriftenstudien betrieb. C. war finanziell unabhängig und an keiner Univ. beschäftigt. Wie auch seine franz. Lehrer …

Lat. Ruhnkenius; dt.-niederl. Humanist. Geb. am 2. 1. 1723 in Bedlin/Stolp (Nordpommern), gest. am 14. 5. 1798 in Leiden. Ab 1739 Schulbesuch am Collegium Fridericianum in Königsberg (Schulfreund Immanuel Kants); ab 1741 Studium erst der Theologie, dann der ant. Gesch. und röm. Altertumskunde, auch des röm. Rechts in Wittenberg, dort 1743 Prom. Ab 1743 Studium des Griechischen in Leiden; Vorlesungstätigkeit ebda.; 1755–1757 Reise nach Paris zu Hss.-Studien. Ab 1761 Prof. für Gesch. und Eloquenz …

A. Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Altertumswissenschaften – Zur Konzeption des Bandes In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat die Wissenschaftsgeschichte als Disziplin neben der Geschichte der Philosophie, der Literaturgeschichte und der Kunstgeschichte deutlich erkennbar an Bedeutung gewonnen, wobei die Aufgabe wissenschaftshistorischer (= wiss.histor.) Forschungen nicht allein in der Darstellung vergangener Erkenntnisfortschritte in den verschiedenen Wissenschaften bestand, sondern auch allgemein in der Analys…