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[German Version] I. History 1. Antiquity. Although there is good reason to speak of natural science in the strict sense only with the dawn of the modern era, its roots actually go back to the beginnings of human history. Early scientific traditions arose from technical and practical knowledge acquired in dealing with nature, but they were also shaped by intellectual traditions that sought historical and mythological explanations for natural phenomena. Mathematics early on became a significant tool for…

[German Version] (1922, Lipschitz, Hungary – Feb 2, 1974, London), mathematician and philosopher of science. He was a member of the Hungarian resistance to the German occupation during World War II. Lakatos pursued a political career until his arrest in 1950, fled to Vienna in 1956 and to Cambridge where he earned a second doctorate under Richard Bevan Braithwaite. He was appointed to a lectureship at the London School of Economics where he taught until his death. In Lakatos's novel account of mat…

[English Version] I. Geschichte 1.  Antike. Zwar ist es sinnvoll, erst mit dem Beginn der Neuzeit von N. im eigentlichen Sinne zu sprechen. Doch ihre Wurzeln reichen zurück bis in die Anfänge der Menschheitsgesch. Frühe naturkundliche Traditionen entspringen technisch-praktischen Kenntnissen im Umgang mit der Natur, sind aber auch geprägt durch geistesgesch. Überlieferungen, die die Erscheinungen der Natur durch Gesch. und Mythen erklären wollen. Schon früh wird auch die Mathematik zur Darstellung un…