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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ἀβία; Abía). Coastal town in eastern  Messenia (Plin. HN 4,22; Ptol. 3,14,31), the modern Palaiochora, 6 km south of Kalamata. Its equation with Ἱρή (Hire), one of the seven towns mentioned in Hom. Il. 9,150, is questionable.  Perioikoi-polis of Sparta, from 338 BC controlled by  Messene, with the exception of 183-146 BC, when A. was an independent member of the  Achaean Confederacy (Pol. 23,17); sanctuaries of  Heracles and  Asc…

[German version] Gaulish people who are only mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 7,68,1 and Str. 4,2,3. Capital Alesia ( oppidum Mandubiorum). Their territory is probably identical to the modern region of Auxois ( pagus Alisiensis in the Middle Ages). In Roman times the M. appear to have merged with the Haedui people. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P.-M. Duval, Chronique gallo-romaine, in: REA 61, 1959, 368-370.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Colonization | Pilgrimage Town in Gallia Narbonensis, the modern Arles. Originally called Theline by the Greeks (Avien. 689ff. – Phocian foundation?), the town had a Celto-Ligurian name (It. Ant. 299,4; Plin. HN 3,36). Settled from the 6th cent. BC; A’s shipping trade was severely hampered by the silting-up of the Rhône delta, but enjoyed a marked resurgence thanks to the canals built by→ Marius …

[German version] (Garunna, Γαρούνας / Garoúnas). One of the main rivers of Gaul (Tib. 1,7,11), the modern Garonne and Gironde, the boundary between the Gauls and the Aquitanians (Caes. Gall. 1,1,1; 5; 7; Str. 4,1,1; 2,1f.; 3,3; 5,2; Mela 3,20f.; Plin. HN 4,105; Amm. Marc. 15,11,2). According to Str. 4,2,1 navigable over more than 370 km. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Boudet (ed.), Les Celtes, la Garonne et les Pays aquitains, 1992 Y. Roman, Les Celtes, les sources antiques et la Garonne, in: Aquitania 12, 1994, 213-219 H. Sion, Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 33/1 (Gi…

[German version] (Μάκιστον, -ος; Mákiston, - os). Settlement in Triphylia (western Peloponnese) on the southern foot of Mount Kaiapha, on whose territory was the sanctuary of ‘Samian’ Poseidon [1. 37-42] on the western tip of the mountain range as well as other sanctuaries along the Minthe range (modern Alvena) and in the coastal plain south of Mount Kaiapha. In around 400 BC, Xenophon still refers to M. as an existing city (Xen. An. 7,4,16; Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; 30); later, all knowledge of it is lost, …

[German version] (Κρομμυών or Κρεμμυών). Fortified port in the East of Corinthian territory on the Saronian Gulf south of the  Gerania mountains, 120 stadia ( c. 21 km) from  Corinth (Thuc. 4,45,1), probably near modern Hagios Theodori. According to legend Theseus killed the Crommyonian sow there. In the Classical period Crommyon was fortified. Evidence: Scyl. 55; Str. 8,6,22; Paus. 2,1,3; Xen. Hell. 4,4,13; 5,19; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κrommyon; Hierocles, Synekdemos 645,14. Epigraphy: IG IV 195f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] Town of the Senones on an island in the Sequana river (Seine). Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,2; 6; 60,1; 61,5) uses two forms: Meclodunum (‘fortress of Metlos’) and Metlosedum (‘residence of Metlos’ = ‘reaper’); modern Melun. Metlosedum is probably the Celtic form and Meclodunum the Latin form. At M. a bridge crossed the Sequana (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,5). Sources: It. Ant. 383; Tab. Peut. 2,4. Inscriptions: CIL XIII 3010. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Παῖον; Paîon). Small town with well-preserved acropolis wall in western Arcadia in the spring- and vegetation-rich dale lying across the Ladon and Erymanthus valleys, modern Paleokastro, 400 m to the east of modern Neon Paos. In the early period P. was an independent polis (Hdt. 6,127), later it belonged to Cleitor and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century AD) it was desolate (8,23,9). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography F. Carinci, s.v. Arcadia, EAA 2. Suppl. vol. 1, 1994, 332  M. Jost, Villages de l'Arcadie antique, in: Ktema 11 (1986), 1990, 148f.  Jost, 45  Pritchet…

[German version] (Μεσάτις; Mesátis). One of three communities or regions from which the city of Patrae in Achaea was founded. M. had a cult of Dionysus. It was possibly the hilly country to the east and north of Patrae, at the modern Ano Sychaina-Voundeni (Paus. 7,18,4-6; 19,1; 21,14). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. D. Rizakis, Achaïe 1. Sources textuelles et histoire régionale (Meletemata 20), 1995, 164.

[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107; Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition for their  druids to annually hold court in a sacred location. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] Caesar (B. Gall. 5,53,6; 7,75,4; 8,31,4) means by A. (from the Celtic are-mori, along the sea) the coastal territories of the tribes between  Liger and  Sequana. According to Plin. HN 4,105,  Aquitania was formerly called A. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 6,3,4; 7,57f.; Λουκοτοκία; Loukotokía, Str. 4,3,5; Παρισίων Λουκοτεκία; Parisíōn Loukotekía, Ptol. 2,8,13; Luticia, It. Ant. 366,5f.; Luteci, Tab. Peut. 2,4). Settlement founded in c. 250-200 BC on an island in the Sequana (Seine), where a north-south trading route crosses the river, modern Paris. The river afforded natural protection while the nearby hill of Sainte-Geneviève enabled direct sur…

(Κεγχρεαί; Kenchreaí). [German version] [1] Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea with graves of Argives fallen in the battle at the nearby Hysiae (according to Pausanias in 669/8 BC). C. was on the northern slope of Mount Ctenias opposite Hysiae on the southern side. Not exactly localizable, possibly near the modern Sta Nera, c. 3 km north-east of Achladokambos. The ‘Pyramid of C.’ at the exit of the valley further towards the north-east above t…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars (Σικυών; Sikyṓn). [German version] I. Site Port on the Gulf of Corinth, 26 km to the west of Corinth. Its territory was confined to the east by the river Nemea [2] (border with Corinth), to the west by the river Sythas (border with Pellene) (Paus. 7,27,12). S. was famous as early as Antiquity for the fertility of the valley and for the highlands of Neogene marl. In the Archaic and Classic…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Liv. Ep. 67: 105 BC site of the Roman defeat in battle against the  Cimbri; Ptol. 2,10,8); the modern Orange. Shortly after 36 BC veterans of   legio II. founded the colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum Arausio (CIL XII 3203), 7 km east of the  Rhodanus and south of the Aigues. 6th-cent. BC traces of the previous Celtic settlement lie 5 km to the south. A. was one of the main centres of the Cavares (Str. …

[German version] A people in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the Loire and the Seine, that was divided into four partial tribes (Caes. B Gall. 3,17; 7,75; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol.Geog. 2,8): 1. The Cenomani who partly moved to Upper Italy (Liv. 5,35,1) and partly settled around Subdinum (today Le Mans) where they worshipped Mars Mullo [1. 343-348]. 2. The Diablintes/Diablinti, their main settlement was Noviodunum [2. 454-463; 3]. It was not Caesar but probably Ptolemy (Geog. 2,8,7) who cla…

[German version] (Λῆσσα; Lêssa). Village on the Argolian Acte on the border to Epidaurus, presumably near modern Ligurio, with Athena sanctuary. Literary evidence: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inscriptions: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Frickenhaus, W. Müller, Aus der Argolis, in: MDAI(A) 36, 1911, 30 R. L. Scranton, The Pottery from the Pyramids, in: Hesperia 7, 1938, 537.

[German version] Tribe in  Gallia Lugdunensis (on the lower Loire) with the main town of Iuliomagus (modern Angers sur la Maine; Caes. B Gall. 2,35,3; 3,7,2; 7,4,6: Andes; Plin. HN 4,107 and Oros. 6,8,7: Andicavi). In the Gallic rebellion of AD 21 under the leadership of  Iulius Sacrovir, they were the first to fight, together with the  Turoni, but were soon overpowered (Tac. Ann. 3,41). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Blanchard-Lemée et al., Recueil général des mosaïques de Gaule 2,4, 1991 M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Γερόνθραι; Gerónthrai). Spartan perioikoi town on the western edge of the Parnon above the Eurotas valley, later part of the league of the  Eleutherolakones, near modern Geraki, still inhabited in the Imperial period and thus even named in Hierocles (Synekdemos 647,9). Paus. 3,22,6f. mentions a temple of Ares with a grove, an agora with a fountain house and a temple of Apollo on the acropolis. Further evidence: Steph. Byz. s.v. Γεράνθραι; Geránthrai; IG V 1, 1110-1141. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliogr…

[German version] ( Elvii, Elvi or Ilvi, Caes. B Civ. 1,35; Ἑλουοί, Str. 4,2,1). Celtic tribe of people whose area (modern Dép. Ardèche) on the right bank of the Rhône in the north bordered on the Segusiavi, in the west on the Vellavii and Gabali and in the south on the Volcae Arecomici. The Cevennes separated them from the Arverni (Caes. B Gall. 7,8). In 52 BC in the war against Vercingetorix they were on the side of Caesar. In the new division of the province under Augustus they were attached to Aqui…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Βοιαί; Boiaí). One of the most prosperous cities of the  Eleutherolakones on the western coast of the Parnon peninsula in the bay of Vatica. Unremarkable archaeological ruins (especially from the Roman period) at today's Neapolis. Pol. 5,19; Str. 8,5,2; Paus. 3,22,11-13. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography J. Christien, Promenades en Laconie, in: DHA 15,1, 1989, 89-93 D. Musti, M. Torelli, Pausania Guida della Grecia. III. La Laconia, 1991, 270f.

[German version] (Esubii). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the lower Seine and the Loire. Caesar (Gall. 2,34; 3,7; 5,24; 5,53) mentions it as one of the tribes of Aremorica (Bretagne) between the Coriosolites and the Aulerci in the area of Sées (Orne). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Κυπαρισσία; Kyparissía). [German version] [1] Town on the Messenian west coast This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea Town on the Messenian west coast and the location of the modern town of the same name with a few remains mostly from Roman times; parts of the wall of the acropolis below a medieval castle. Aside from Pylos and Methone, the harbour of C. with its good connection to the upper Pamisus Valley was considered the only significant Messenian access to the sea. C. is already mentioned in the Pylos Tablets and is in any case identical to Κυπαρισσήεις ( Kypar…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Town by the Arar in Gallia Lugdunensis, today Chalon-sur-Saône. As a river port of the Haedui, C. was of economic importance until the conquest by the Romans. Literary sources: Caes. B Gall. 7,42; 7,90; Str. 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,8,12. In later times, station of the classis Ararica. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Bonnamour, s.v. Cabillon(n)um, PE, 179f. Grenier 2, 1934, 562-564.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Theatre | Caesar | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones (Γύθ(ε)ιον; Gýth(e)ion). Laconian perioikoi town on the north-western coast of the innermost Laconian gulf in a relatively protected position with good communications links. In the historical period the main harbour for  Sparta ( c. 45 km from G.), forti fied, with shipyards and an artificially laid out harbour (in the Bronze Age the naval bases of the region were Las and Helus). Evidence: Scyl. 46; Xen. Hell. 1,4,11; 6,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Caesar | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Oppidum   Oppidum of the  Mandubii in  Gallia Celtica, today Alise-Sainte-Reine (Côte-d'Or). A. took up a plateau of c. 80 hectares with remarkable natural protection on Mont Auxois (Mons Alisiensis). In 52 BC  Vercingetorix was besieged here by Caesar and despite the intervention of relief troops had to capitulate (Caes. B Gall. 7,68-90). A. continued to exist as a Gallo-Roman centre dur…

[German version] (Μαργανεῖς/ Marganeîs). Small community west of Olympia in the plain north of the Alpheius between the modern villages of Phloka and Strephi, dependent on Elis as períoikoi . Exact location unknown. In the war of the Spartans against Elis in 401 BC on the Spartan side (Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4, Μάργανα/ Márgana), in the peace of 400 BC autonomous (Xen. Hell. 3,2,30), in 294 in the battle at Nemea again on the side of the Spartans (Xen. Hell. 4,2,16), but claimed by Elis (Xen. Hell. 6,5,2). Last mentioned in 364 BC as an…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes | Oracles (Βοῦρα; Boûra). One of the 12 cities of Achaea. Hill settlement (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41), 40 stades from the sea (Str. 8,7,5). Destroyed by an earthquake in 373 BC, B. continued to exist, however, and had temples and sanctuaries at the time of Paus. (7.25.8f.). Two locations are discussed: the villages of Kastro [1; 2; 3] and Mamusia [4] on either side of the Buraïkos. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 E. Meyer, Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 133-140 2 Id., Neue Pelopo…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Οἴτυλος/ Oítylos). Town, present-day Otylon (Itylon), on the eastern bank of the Messenian Gulf by the deep harbour bay hórmos limeníu (ὅρμος λιμενίου) and 7.5 km to the north of Areopoli on the west coast of Mani (Hom. Il. 2,585; Str. 8,4,4: Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos; Paus. 25,10; 26,1; Ptol. 3,16,22: Βοίτυλα/ Boítyla; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ο., here also Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos). In the Classical period it was a Laconic town of períoikoi . From the time of Augustus it was one of the 18 m…

[German version] (Παρρασία/ Parrhasía, Παρράσιοι/ Parrhásioi). Settlement area of the largest Arcadian sub-tribe in West-Arcadia (Hom. Il. 2,608; Str. 8,8,1; Diod. Sic. 15,72,4). The pan-Arcadian sanctuary of Zeus was located in P., on the Lycaeum (Pind. O. 9,143). In the 2nd cent. AD (Paus. 8,27,4; 38,3), P. referred only to the western part of the plain of Megalopolis, with the hill country stretching from the west . Originally, however, the P. stretched further to the south and west (Thuc. 5,33,1; Xen. Hell. 7,1,28). The independence of P. ended with its in…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine Town in southern  Arcadia, halfway between Megalopolis and  Tegea on the small plateau of Frangovrysi near the sources of the Alpheius and the Eurotas (Str. 8,3,12). The settlement on the acropolis can be traced back from the Neolithic to the Middle Helladic and Hellenistic periods (town walls); in 368/67 BC, it was integrated into the new foundation of Megalopolis; at the time of Pausanias (8,44,3), A. lay in ruins. The settlement of the classical period has not been localized. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E…

[German version] Coastal river in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Aude. It rises in the Pyrenees, and discharges into the Mediterranean south of Narbo. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] River in  Gallia, earlier called Βρίγουλος ( Brígoulos), later   Sauconna ; the modern Saône (Ps.-Plut. De Fluminibus 6). Rising in the Vosges (according to Str. 4,1,11; 3,2 the Alps; Ptol. 2,10,4 -- confusion with  Isara); navigable from its confluence with the  Dubis, with a remarkably slow current, it formed the border between the  Haedui and the  Sequani (Caes. B Gall. 1,12,1) and joined the  Rhodanus near ad Confluentes, opposite  Lugdunum. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography I. Opelt, A., der Grenzstrom zw. Häduern und Sequanern, in: Gymnasium, 1988, 481-492.

[German version] (Μελαγγεία/ Melangeía). Town in the territory of Mantinea in Arcadia at the exit of the Climax Pass. Drinking water was led from here to Mantinea. To be found at modern Pikerni (Paus. 8,6,4). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] Oppidum of the Remi, modern Vieux-Laon or Camp de Saint-Thomas (Départment Aisne). Captured by Caesar in 57 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,6). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Leman, s.v. B., PE, 792.

[German version] (Μέλπεια; Mélpeia). Settlement in the Nomian mountains with a sanctuary of Pan Nomios, south of Lycosura (Arcadia). The exact location is unknown. (Paus. 8,38,11). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Jost, 178f. K. Kuruniotis, Ἀνασκαφαὶ ἐν Νομίου Πανός, in: Praktika 1902, 1903, 72-75.

[German version] (Κνακιών; Knakiṓn). Mentioned only in the ‘Great Rhetra’ (Plut. Lycurgus 6,4, Pelopidas 17,6;  Sparta). Place name in Sparta, later equated to the river Oenus, today's Kelephina (Plut. loc. cit.; Lycoph. 550); not identifiable. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Ἀσίνη; Asínē) [German version] [1] Prehistoric settlement in Kastraki This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Important prehistoric settlement from the Early Helladic period, located on the rocky headland of Kastraki c. 8 km south-east of  Nauplia on the bay of Tolon; it was taken to be a town of the Dryopes ( Dryops) (Hdt. 8,73; Paus. 4,8,3; 34,9-12). In around 700 BC, the town was destroyed by  Argos [II 1], but the temple of  Apollo Pythaieus survived. Its inhabitants were resettled in Messenia by …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul Oppidum of the  Volcae Arecomici in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Béziers (Hérault), settled at the latest from 750/650 BC. Since Caesar's time, Colonia Urbs Iulia Septimanorum Baeterrae with veterans of the legio VII (Plin. HN 3,36; Mela 2,75; Str. 4,1,6; Ptol. 2,10,6). B. was the centre of an important road network, and controlled a large and prosperous surrounding area, favoured by the nearby ports of Agatha and Narbo. Its destruction in the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Καρδαμύλη; Kardamýlē). Spartan perioecic settlement on the western side of the  Taygetus peninsula. The ancient acropolis, on a hillside surrounded by precipitous cliff faces (Str. 8,4,4), lies about 2 km inland from the sea, 1 km north of the modern Kardamili. Pottery from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods; remains of the ring wall from the classical or Hellenistic period. In Hom. Il. 9,150 and 292, C. is named as one of…

[German version] Mountain range in Gallia (modern Cévennes), separating the Arverni from the Helvii (Caes. B Gall. 7,8; 56). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (In Str. also Γέρηνα; Gérēna, on inscriptions ἁ πόλις τῶν Γερηνῶν, formerly Enópē). Spartan perioecic city on the west side of the Taygetus peninsula, member of the league of  Eleutherolakones during the Imperial period. The location is documented on an inscription (finding-place of a decree with the mention τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Μαχάονος, ‘the sanctuary of Machaon’) near today's Kambos, 15 km south-west of Kalamata, home also to a Mycenaean c…

[German version] (Κυνόρτιον; Kynórtion). The mountain above the theatre of the Asclepius sanctuary of Epidaurus with the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas (Paus. 2,27,7). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography V. Lambrinudakis, Excavation and Restoration of the Sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas and Asclepius at Epidauros, in: Peloponnesiaka Suppl. 13, 1987f., 298ff.

[German version] (Ἐπιτάλιον; Epitálion). Town in Triphylia on the left bank of the  Alpheius [1]. References: Xen. Hell. 3,2,29; Pol. 4,80; Str. 8,3,12; 8,3,24. Archaeology: significant remains from Roman times. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Chroniques des fouilles, in: BCH 94, 1970, 996 E. Meyer, Neue peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1957, 50, 60.

[German version] Left side-arm of the river Seine, modern Yonne, also the name of the river goddess (CIL XIII 2921: dea Icauna, votive inscriptions from Autessiodurum; Vita S. Germani 12, late 5th cent. AD: flumen Ycaunense). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (αἱ Κολωνίδες). Town (or ‘village’, κώμη, Plut. Philopoemen 18,3) on the west coast of the Messenian Gulf near present-day Kaphirio [1] or possibly Vunaria (evidence of settlement) [2]. Minted coins during the Severian dynasty. References: Paus. 4,34,8; 12; Ptol. 3,16,7 (Κολώη). Inscription: IG V 1,1402-1404; SEG 11,996f. Coins: HN 432f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 R. Hope Simpson, The Seven Cities Offered by Agamemnon to Achilles, in: ABSA 61, 1966, 125 2 E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, RE Suppl. 15, 197.

(Καρύαι; Karýai). [German version] [1] Arcadian settlement Arcadian settlement (χωρίον) on the southern shore of the lake of Pheneus (Paus. 8,13,6; 14,1). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [2] Settlement in NW-Parnon This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Settlement in the north-western Parnon range, on Sparta's north-eastern border with Arcadia, either near the modern Analipsis on the banks of the Saranda-Potamos in the north-east of the plain of Kambos, or near Arachova north of the village that once again bears th…

[German version] Town of the Salluvii (Gallia Narbonensis) beside a lagoon of the same name (now Étang de Berre) or on an elevation rising above it between Rhodanus (Rhône) and Massalia. The identification with Saint-Blaise is uncertain. It is possible that Maritima Avaticorum was founded by the inhabitants of M. References: Artemidorus, in Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαστραμέλη (πόλις καὶ λίμνη τῆς Κελτικῆς); Plin. HN 3,34 ( stagnum M.); Avien. Ora maritima 701 ( oppidum Mastrabalae priscum). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule,…

[German version] Civitas of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis on the left bank of the Rhône, statio on the Vienne-Geneva road (Tab. Peut.). Identified with Yenne or Etain near Yenne. Flourished from the 2nd to 6th cents. AD. Inscriptions: CIL 12,305. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Dufournet, Le réseau routier gallo-romain de Vienne à Genève et la position des stations d'E. et de Condate, Archéologie, 1965, 35-72.

[German version] (Πίκτονες; Píktones). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, afterwards Aquitania, to the south of the lower Liger (Caes. B Gall. 3,11,5; 7,4,6; 75,3; 8,26,1; Plin. HN 4,108; 17,47; Str. 4,2,1; Ptol. 2,7,6), in the modern départements Vendée [1], Deux-Sèvres [2] and Vienne [3]. The P., known from the 2nd cent. AD as Pictavi (CIL XIII 7297; Notitia Galliarum 13,6; Amm. Marc. 15,11,13), were neighboured by the Namnetes on the north-west, the Bituriges Cubi on the east, the Lemovices on the south east and the Santones on the south west. In 56 BC,…