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Pasippidas

(64 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Πασιππίδας; Pasippídas). Spartiate and naval commander in the eastern Aegaean in 410/409 BC probably in the role of naúarchos; he was charged with conspiring in Thasos to stage an uprising against a group favouring Sparta and the harmost Eteonicus. He fled, but as early as 409 was sent as a legate to Persia (Xen. Hell. 1,1,32; 1,3,13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Sophanes

(135 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Σωφάνης/ Sōphánēs). Athenian from Decelea, son of Eutychides (Hdt. 6,92,3; 9,73,1). In 490 BC after the battle of Marathon he refused to honour Miltiades [2] with a wreath (Plut. Cimon 8,1), since the victory was understood to be a success of the dêmos as a whole [1. 193]. S. distinguished himself by particular bravery in the Athenians' war with Aegina in 488/7 (Hdt. 6,92; 9,75; Paus. 1,29,5) and in the battle of Plataeae in 479 (Hdt. 9,73-75; Plut. Cato maior 29,2). He fell in 465/4 as a stratēgós and one of the commanders of the colonists who advanced from Ennea…

Hippitas

(47 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἱππίτας; Hippítas). Confidant of the Spartan king Cleomenes III, whom he accompanied to Alexandria after the battle of Sellasia, where he had himself killed willingly after the latter's failed uprising against Ptolemy IV in 219 BC (Pol. 5,37,8; Plut. Cleomenes 37,6-13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Clearidas

(81 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Κλεαρίδας; Klearídas). Spartan, son of Cleonymus. Appointed by  Brasidas in 423 BC as commander at Amphipolis, C. proved himself after Brasidas' death in 422. After the peace of  Nicias he did not surrender the polis entrusted to him to the Athenians so its inhabitants would not be exposed to retaliation (Thuc. 5,21; 34). Unimpressed by the instructions of the leading committees in Sparta he instigated considerable new tensions between Sparta and Athens.  Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Apoikia

(992 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀποικία; apoikía). Settlement of a group of colonists or their descendants outside the territory of a particular mother city ( Metropolis); the latter having sent out a proportion of its citizens as ‘emigrants’ (ἄποικοι, ápoikoi) to found a ‘colony’, or even encouraged the citizens of other poleis to take part in a new foundation. The leader of the undertaking was usually an oikist nominated by the mother city. Especially during the great period of ‘Greek colonization’ of c. 750-550/500 BC, many new communities arose, often being autonomous poleis which could be r…

Brasidas

(584 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Βρασίδας; Brasídas). Son of the respected Spartiate Tellis, who was one of those who took the oath sealing the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC (Thuc. 2,25; 5,19; 24).B. distinguished himself right at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War when he freed the Messenian coastal city of Methone which was surrounded by Athenians. That was probably the reason for his appointment in 431/30 as eponymous ephor (Diod. Sic. 12,43,2) and military ‘adviser’ at a relatively young age. In 429 he was adviser to admiral  Cnemus in the so-called second sea battle of Naupactus and…

Astyochus

(133 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀστύοχος; Astýochos). Spartan nauarch in 412/11 BC. In the summer of 412 his attempt to gain Lesbos failed (Thuc. 8,22f.); his operations between Lesbos, Chios, Erythrae and Clazomenae were luckless (8,31-33). Dissatisfied with his administration, Sparta sent ‘advisors’ with extraordinary powers to his headquarters in Milet in the winter of 412/11 (Thuc. 8,39,1f.). After advances as far as Cnidus and Rhodes he signed the third Spartan-Persian contract in the spring of 411, in whic…

Eleutherolakones

(123 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἐλευθερολάκωνες; Eleutherolákōnes). League of Laconian coastal settlements; as former perioikoi settlements, they were placed under the protection of the Achaean Confederacy following the defeat of Nabis by the Romans in 195 BC. After the failure of the Achaean uprising in 146 BC, they were permitted to unite in the koinòn tôn Lakedaimoníōn (κοινὸν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων) (Liv. 35,13,2; 38,31,2) [2. 51]. In 21 BC, Augustus reorganized the league [1. 60], which was thenceforth known as koinòn tôn Eleutherolakṓnōn (Str. 8,366; Paus. 3,21,6f.; IG V 1 1161; 116…

Sacred wars

(585 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (ἱεροὶ πόλεμοι/ hieroì pólemoi). As a concept hieròs pólemos is first encountered in the late 5th cent. BC and according to Aristophanes (Av. 554ff., particularly 556 with schol. = Philochorus FGrH 328 F 34 b) means 'war against divinity', whereas Thucydides (1,112,5; with the addition of καλούμενος/ kaloúmenos, 'so-called') uses it to describe the Spartans' intervention in Delphi in 448 on the pretext of protecting the sanctuary of Apollo [1. 1-14]. Accordingly there was no idea of a religious campaign for a deity [2. 67-87].…

Philocharidas

(139 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Φιλοχαρίδας/ Philocharídas). Spartiate, son of Euryxilaidas, co-signatory of the truce between Sparta and Athens in 423 BC (Thuc. 4,119,2) and the Peace of Nicias in 421 (Thuc. 5,19,2). With Ischagoras and Menas [1] he was supposed to instruct Clearidas to hand over Amphipolis by treaty to Athens but the latter opposed this (Thuc. 5,21). In the same year, P. took oaths to the symmachía of Sparta with Athens (Thuc. 5,24,1) and in 420 was a member of a Spartan delegation that was snubbed in Athens through intrigues on the pa…

King's peace

(132 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] Term given to the ‘General Peace’ ( koinḕ eirḗnē ) that the Persian Great King Artaxerxes [2] II in effect dictated to the Greeks (Isoc. Or. 4,175f.) in 387/6 BC; also known as the Peace of Antalcidas. The Persian demands that were conveyed to the Greeks in Sardes in the autumn of 387 (Stv II 242) contained a claim to all the poleis in west Asia Minor, Clazomenae and Cyprus. Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros were to belong to Athens ‘as before’; all other Greek states were to b…

Mindarus

(165 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Μίνδαρος; Míndaros). A Spartan, naúarchos (fleet commander) in 411/410 BC. In September 411, he set out from Miletus for the Thracian Chersonesus, in order to strike at the most important Athenian supply route, but was defeated soon afterwards at Cynossema by a smaller Athenian fleet under Thrasybulus [3] (Thuc. 8,99-107), as well as in a second battle at Abydus [1] (Oct./Nov. 411), after Alcibiades [3] unexpectedly led reinforcements to the Athenian forces (Xen. Hell. 1,1,2-7; Diod.…

Archidamus

(680 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀρχίδαμος; Archídamos). [German version] [1] II. Spartan king (ca. 475-427 BC) II., Spartan king, Eurypontid, grandson and successor of Leotychidas II, who went into exile in Tegea after a failed campaign in Thessaly (476/75 BC?) and died there in 469 (Paus. 3,7,10). It remains uncertain if A. already became king in 476/75 or only in 469. After the great earthquake of 464 he forcefully defended Sparta against an attack by the  Helots (Diod. Sic. 11,63,4-641; Plut. Cimon 16) and apparently proved himself i…

Pedaritus

(86 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Πεδάριτος; Pedáritos). A Spartan, harmost in 412/1 BC (Harmostai[1]) in Chios, which had seceded from Athens and which he defended against Athenian attacks. Having brutally eliminated Athenian supporters in the process, he had an action brought against him by the Chians in Sparta (Thuc. 8,28,3; 32-33; 38-40; cf. Isocr. Or. 6,53; Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 8). He fell in an attack on Athenian siege troops (Thuc. 8,55,3). His successor will presumably have been his father Leon [3]. Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Gylippus

(285 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Γύλιππος; Gýlippos). Spartiate, son of Cleandridas. His education (  agōgḗ ) was perhaps (at times?) made possible by an affluent Spartan, as Aelianus (Var. 12,43) calls him mothax (‘Bastard’) [1. 434]. When Syracuse asked Sparta for help against the Athenians, he was sent to Sicily (Thuc. 6,93; 104), reached Himera in the summer of 414 BC with a small force, reinforced his army there considerably, broke through to Syracuse, organized the resistance and prevented the encircling of the city (Thuc. 7,1-7). A…

Xenias

(214 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ξενίας; Xenías). [German version] [1] Arcadian from Parrhasia, mercenary leader of Cyrus [3] the Younger, c. 400 BC Arcadian from Parrhasia; as a mercenary leader in 405/4 BC he accompanied Cyrus [3] the Younger to the court of the Persian king and later took a large number of mercenaries to him in Sardis (Xen. An. 1,1,2; 2,1-3), but, together with Pasion [1] from Megara, left Cyrus' army in Syria without taking his family, which Cyrus sent after him (Xen. An. 1,4,6-8). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] From Elis, pro-Spartan oligarch, c. 400 BC Rich Elean (Elis [2]), próx…

Phylarchos

(247 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(φύλαρχος/ phýlarchos, 'chief' of a phylḗ [1]). [German version] [1] Greek office In many Greek poleis the phýlarchoi were leaders of phylaí with high advisory or magisterial functions: in Epidamnus phyle leaders also formed the advisory board of the leading official ( árchōn) and were replaced in the 5th century BC in this function by a council with a broader basis (Aristot. Pol. 1301b 22f.); in Cyzicus phýlarchoi acted as a college and together with the highest civil and military officials ( stratēgoí) there carried out high magisterial functions [1. no. 59 with comm.]; the…

Callibius

(55 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Καλλίβιος; Kallíbios). Spartan, was sent as harmost to Athens in 404/3 BC at the request of the Thirty and after the intervention of Lysander. He was courted by the rulers there and attempted to support their regime (Xen. Hell. 2,3,13f.; [Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 37,2; 38,2; Diod. Sic. 14,4,4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Areus

(225 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀρεύς; Areús). [German version] [1] Spartan king 309 - approx. 265 BC Spartan king 309 -- approx. 265 BC, Agiad, son of  Acrotatus [1], attempted in 281 to exploit the defeat of  Antigonus [2] Gonatas by  Ptolemaeus Ceraunus to liberate Hellas from Macedonian rule in alliance with the Peloponnesian communities, but was defeated by the Aetolians, who were allied with Antigonus (Just. Epit. 24,1,5 f.). Returning from battles in Crete in 272, he saved Sparta in alliance with Antigonus from the attack of  Pyrr…

Hyparchia

(208 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (ὑπαρχία; hyparchía). Hellenistic term for ‘sub-district’ of a satrapy, predominantly in the  Seleucid kingdom. In the hyparchia of Eriza (Asia Minor), as attested by OGIS 1,238, the ‘governor’ ( hýparchos, ὕπαρχος) was directly subordinate to the satrap of Caria (OGIS 1,224); in this way there was no intermediate authority here between the two functionaries [1. 176]. The reference may, however, also originate from the Attalid era, though in this case conclusions could be drawn about the Seleucid administration, in which a hýparchos (OGIS 1,225) as administra…

Nicolochus

(61 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Νικόλοχος; Nikólochos). Spartan; while epistoleús (‘deputy’) of the naúarchos (‘naval commander’) Antalcidas (388/7 BC), he was surrounded by Iphicrates at Abydus [1], where Antalcidas relieved him (Xen. Hell. 5,1,6-7; 5,1,25-27; Polyaen. 2,24). As naúarchos in 375 BC, he was defeated by the Athenian Timotheus at Alyzea (Xen. Hell. 5,4,65-66; Diod. 15,36,5; Polyaen. 3,10,4; 3,10,12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Isadas

(59 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἰσάδας; Isádas). Spartan, son of Phoebidas, proved himself in 362 BC at the defence of Sparta in battle against the forces of  Epaminondas (Plut. Agesilaus 34; Ael. VH. 6,3). In the writings of Polyaenos (2,9), who clearly confused the incursions of the Thebans of 370/69 and 362, erroneously given the name Isidas. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Pollis

(123 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Πόλλις/ Póllis). Spartan naúarchos ('naval commander') 396/5 BC, he fought in the Aegean Sea against Conon [1] (Hell. Oxy. 12,2 Chambers); in 393/2 BC he was epistoleús of the naúarchos Podanemus in the Corinthian War (Xen. Hell. 4,8,11). As emissary of Sparta in Syracusae, P. was supposed to secure the participation of Dionysius [I 6] I in the war against Athens and was accused of selling the philosopher Plato [1] into slavery in Aegina on the return trip (Plut. Dion 5; Diog. Laert. 3,19). As naúarchos he was defeated in 376 at Naxos by Chabrias (Xen. Hell. 5,4…

Harmostai

(273 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(ἁρμοσταί; harmostaí, Ionian ἁρμοστῆρες; harmostêres: Xen. Hell. 4,8,39). [German version] [1] Spartan military commanders Spartan military commanders responsible for the supervision of certain areas. The 20 harmostai of the Lacedaemonians, mentioned in the scholia to Pindar (Ol. 6,154), cannot be identified with certainty as supervisory officials over the poleis of the perioikoi and should rather be regarded as ‘governors’ residing outside the Spartan polis area [1. 11f.; 2. 62f.]. The harmostḗs (IG V 1,937), documented in the early 4th cent. for Cythera, proba…

Nabis

(677 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Νάβις; Nábis). Son of Damaratus; controversial representative of the last phase of the Spartan reform movement. After the death of Machanidas (207 BC), N. - apparently a member of a branch of the Eurypontidae - first became regent of Sparta. He consolidated his power by removing the young king Pelops (Diod. Sic. 27,1) and then took the title of king himself (Syll.3 584). Polybius (13,6,1-7,11) and later authors depict N. as a cruel tyrant (Diod. Sic. 27,1; Liv. 33,44,8; 34,32,3; Plut. Titus 13; Paus. 4,29,10). At first, his rule was suppor…

Panthoedas

(65 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Πανθοίδας; Panthoídas). Spartan commander who was sent to Byzantium in 403/2 BC with instructions to get rid of the Spartan ruler Clearchus [2] who had usurped power (Diod. Sic.14,12,4-7). He is probably the same person as P. the harmost (governor) who was killed in 377 BC at Tanagra in the battle against the Thebans under Pelopidas (Plut. Pelopidas 15,6). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Spartiatae

(338 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Σπαρτιᾶται; Spartiâtai). Full citizens of Sparta, who attained this status at 20 years of age, and who from the 5th cent. BC saw themselves as homoioi [II] (peers), distinct from the perioikoi , and from the hypomeiones, who enjoyed only limited rights as citizens. The conditions for assuming this status included pure Spartan blood, completion of the agoge and participation in the syssitiai (Banquet [II. B]), to which they had to contribute. Their economic basis were the klaroi ( kleros ), which were worked by helots. The notion that all o…

Ephoroi

(670 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (ἔφοροι; éphoroi). ‘Custodians’; annual officials in Sparta and a number of Peloponnesian and Dorian poleis and colonies (e.g. Thera, Cyrene, Heraclea on the Siris). The most significant institution of this kind was that of the five Spartan ephoroi, who arrived at their decisions by majority and whose chairman (Plut. Lysander 30) gave his name to his year of office. According to ancient tradition, the Spartan ephorate was held to be an institution of Lycurgus (Hdt. 1,65), and it was later ascribed to king Theopompus …

Xenelasia

(294 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (ξενηλασία; xenēlasía). 'Expulsion of aliens' (Xenoi), traditionally incorrectly represented as a measure often repeated by the Spartans to protect their city from outside influences (Xen. Lac. 14,4), traced to Lycurgus [4] in the tradition in Plutarch (Lycurgus 27,7; Agis 9; Mor. 238d) and explained by scholars e.g. by an alleged internal change in Sparta in the 6th cent. BC. The first xenelasia is supposed to have been the expulsion of Maeandrius [1] of Samos (Hdt. 3,148); however, that was not a general prohibition of residence for fore…

Gymnasiarchy

(238 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (γυμνασιαρχία; Gymnasiarchía). Supervision of a  gymnasium by a gymnasiarchus, whose functions varied in scope and importance depending on the place and time. In Athens the gymnasiarchy in the 5th and 4th cents. BC was a one-year   leitoūrgía (λειτουργία; And. 1,132; Dem. Or. 20,21), the task being to train a certain number of runners for torch competitions at the Great Panathenaea, Hephaistia, Promethia and festivals of Pan and to supply them with all their requisites. At the end of the 4th cent. the gymnasiarchy be…

Eurybiades

(130 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Εὐρυβιάδης; Eurybiádēs). Spartan commander of the fleet of the Greek confederation of 481 BC at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis in 480. After the Persians had overcome Leonidas' position at Thermopylae, E. took timely measures to lead the Greek fleet through the narrow sound of Euripus into Attic waters (Hdt. 8,4-21). At Salamis, against the vigourous protests of most leaders of the Greek naval contingents, he followed Themistocles' plan to give battle to the Persian fleet in…

Therimenes

(65 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Θηριμένης; Thēriménēs). Spartiate, in the late summer of 412 BC led a fleet taking help to the naúarchos Astyochus in Asia Minor; at Miletus he forced Athenian forces into retreat (Thuc. 8,26,1-29,2) and in the autumn negotiated for Sparta a second subsidy treaty with Persia. During his return in 411 he was killed in a shipwreck (Thuc. 8,36,2-38,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Ischagoras

(108 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἰσχαγόρας; Ischagóras). Spartan, was unable, in 423 BC, to carry out his task of bringing reinforcements to  Brasidas in Thrace because of countermeasures by Perdiccas of Macedonia. He managed to reach the war zone there with a few companions, and with the aid of Brasidas had Spartans installed as commanders in some of the poleis (Thuc. 4,132). Having signed the Peace of Nicias in 421 and overseen the execution of its provisions in Thrace, in the same year he gave his oath for the…

Cleora

(27 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Κλεόρα; Kleóra). Spartan, wife of Agesilaus [2] II, mother of Archidamus [2] III (Xen. Hell. 3,4,29; 5,4,25; Plut. Agesilaus 19). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Agiatis

(103 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀγιάτις; Agiátis). Rich Spartan woman, heiress of the Spartan Gylippus, who died c. 241 BC. First married to the reform king  Agis [4] IV. After his death,  Leonidas II forced her to marry his still very young son, the later reform king  Cleomenes III. According to Plut. Cleom. 1,1-3; 22,1-3, who portrays her as beautiful and full of character, she is supposed to have convinced her second husband to take up Agis' reform plans by telling him stories about them. The significance of this emotional element for the initiatives of Cleomenes III is difficult to judge. Welwei, Karl…

Damaratus

(262 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Δαμάρατος, Δημάρητος; Damáratos, Dēmárētos). Spartan king, Eurypontid, son and successor (around 510 BC) of King Ariston. The turning-point in his life was brought about by the enmity with Cleomenes I, whose intention to establish a Spartan satellite regime in Athens, with the help of an army campaign in 506 he thwarted at Eleusis (Hdt. 5,74f.). We do not know whether Athenian investigations became known to the Persian satrap in Sardeis [3. 273-276]. In 491 D. plotted against Cleome…

Mamertini

(463 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] Former Oscan mercenaries, predominantly from Campania, hired by Agathocles [2] of Syracuse. After his death (289 BC), they conquered the town of Messana between 288 and 283 BC. They called themselves M. after the war god Mamers, the Oscan form of Mars (Diod. Sic. 21,18,1; Cass. Dio fr. 40,8; Fest. 150,30-35), plundering a wide area and enforcing tributes (Pol. 1,7,2-5; 8,1; Plut. Pyrrhus 23,1). After the M. had conquered wide areas of Northern Sicily (Diod. Sic. 22,13,1-2), they c…

Sthenelaidas

(123 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Σθενελαίδας; Sthenelaḯdas). Spartiate, one of the éphoroi and the leader of the apella , who in 432 BC, with reference to the complaints of Spartan sýmmachoi (Peloponnesian League) and despite the warnings of the king Archidamus [1] II, called for an active containment of the power of Athens. Unusually, he held the vote not by acclamation but by calling for those for and against to stand in separate places, and was thus able to carry through the resolution that Athens had broken the 446 BC peace treaty (…

Epitadeus

(183 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἐπιτάδευς; Epitádeus). An ephor from Sparta; according to Plutarch (Agis 5), out of anger against his son, he passed a law making it permissible to give away or pass on house and   kleros at will, no doubt with the aim of increasing the number of Spartiates. Plutarch dates this  rhetra vaguely to 404 BC, but cites this law as the reason for significant differences in wealth amongst the Spartiates in c. 250 BC. Aristotle (Pol. 1270a 15-34) seems to see the deplorable state of affairs in Sparta's cosmos in the mid-4th cent. BC as a consequence of this…

Anchimolus

(73 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀγχίμολος; Anchímolos). In Aristot. Ath. Pol. 19,5 and schol. Aristoph. Lys. 1153 (Anchimolios in Hdt. 5,63,2) high-ranking Spartan, who in 511 BC was supposed to expel the  Peisistratids from Athens and landed with hoplites at Phalerum. In expectation of the invasion  Hippias had, however, called upon 1,000 Thessalian horsemen for help and prepared the landing-point for their attack. A. fell, the rest of his hoplites fled. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Xenares

(141 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ξενάρης; Xenárēs). Spartiate, probably identical to the son of Cnidis who, as harmost ( Harmostaí [2]) in Heraclea [1] Trachinia in the winter of 420/19 BC, fell in battle against the Aenianes, the Dolopes and other tribes in that territory (Thuc. 5,51,2). As éphoros in 421/20 BC, X. and his colleague in office Cleobulus [3] rejected the alliance between Sparta and Athens concluded after the Peace of Nicias [1]. After unofficial negotiations with the Boeotians and the Corinthians, the two managed to conclude a special a…

Labotas

(50 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Λαβώτας; Labṓtas). Legendary Spartan king of the house of the Agiads. During his (fictional) reign (traditionally 1025/4-989/8 BC), Sparta is said to have fought against Argus for the first time (Apollod. FGrH 244 F 62; Hdt. 1,65; 7,204; Plut. Mor. 224c; Paus. 3,2,3f.). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Lacrates

(36 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] Spartan olympic champion; died in 403 BC during a skirmish in Piraeus against resistance fighters who freed Athens from the rule of the ‘Thirty’ ( Triakonta) (Xen. Hell. 2,4,33). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Zeuxidamus

(147 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ζευξίδαμος/ Zeuxídamos). [German version] [1] King of Sparta, c. 700 BC Was considered a Spartan king of the house of the Eurypontids and a son of Archidamus, is supposed to have been the successor to his grandfather Theopompus [1] towards the end of the 8th cent. BC, but is not mentioned in Hdt. 8,131, appearing only in Pausanias' list of Spartan kings (3,7,6; 4,15,3) into which he was probably inserted only in the 4th cent. BC [1. 97; 2. 344 f.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Son of Leotychidas [2] II Eurypontid, son of the Spartan king Leotychidas [2] II (…

Agesipolis

(359 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀγησίπολις; Agēsípolis). [German version] [1] I., Spartan king (395-380 BC) A. I, Agiad, son of the Spartan king Pausanias and older brother of Cleombrotus I, became king when his father had to go into exile after the battle at Haliartus 395 BC (Diod. Sic. 14,89; Paus. 3,5,7). First under the guardianship of his relative Aristodemus [3] (Xen. Hell. 4,2,9), he achieved already in 388/87 successes against the Argives (Xen. Hell. 4,7,2-7) and forced the polis of Mantinea under specious pretences to dioikismos into four villages in 385/84 (Xen. Hell. 5,2,3-7; Paus. 8,8,7-9). Af…

Megillus

(102 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Μέγιλλος/ Mégillos). Spartan, one of three members of a legation which negotiated the release of prisoners of war in Athens in 408/7 BC (Androtion FGrH 324 F 44; [1. 50; 2. 395]). He was probably identical with a homonymous member of a legation sent by Agesilaus [2] II to Tissaphernes in 396 (Xen. Hell. 3,4,6), and with an interlocutor in Plato (Epin. passim and Leg. 642b), described there as a guest of the Athenians. Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 D. J. Mosley, Envoys and Diplomacy in Ancient Greece, 1973 2 B. Bleckmann, Athens Weg in die…

Herippidas

(161 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἑριππίδας; Herippídas). A Spartiate, who after 400 BC belonged to the inner circle of Sparta's political leaders [1. 154]; in 399, he suppressed an uprising in Heraclea Trachinia (Diod. Sic. 14,38,4-5) [2. 120f., 154]. 395 saw him as an influential adviser to Agesilaus [2] during the latter's campaign in Asia Minor, when he also commanded the Cyreans, who in 394 were once again under his command at Coronea (Xen. Hell. 3,4,20; 4,1,11-14; 20-28; 4,3,15). Following the death of the nauarchos Podanemus, he temporarily assumed command of the navy in the Corint…

Timouchos

(293 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (τιμοῦχος/ timoûchos). Holder of an honour, honorary position or office (formed from τιμὴν ἔχειν, timḕn échein, 'to have/hold honour'); first recorded in the form τιμάοχος as an epithet of deities in the 7th cent. BC (Hom. Hymnos to Demeter 268 f.; Hom. Hymnos to Aphrodite 31 f.); as office holders timoûchoi are recorded almost only in communities of the Ionic dialect groups, e.g. in the early 5th cent. BC in Teos (Syll.3 37/8; ML 30), where they had to pronounce curse formulas against enemies of the polis at the Anthesteria and at festivals for …

Teleutias

(169 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Τελευτίας/ Teleutías). Spartiate, step-brother of Agesilaus [2] II (Xen. Hell.  4,4,19; Plut. Agesilaos 21,1), commander of Spartan fleets several times between 392 and 381 BC, nauarchos in 387/6 (Xen. Hell. 5,1,13). In 392 he conquered ships and destroyed wharves in Lechaeum (Xen. Hell. 4,4,19; Plut. Agesilaos 21,1-3); in 390 he took over the fleet of the naúarchos Ecdicus in Cnidus, captured ten Athenian triremes and supported Sparta's partisans in Rhodes [1. 84-86]. He surrendered his fleet to the nauarchos Hierax in Aegina in 389 …

Timaea

(90 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Τίμαια/ Tímaia). Spartan, wife of Agis [2] II, in 415 BC supposedly seduced by Alcibiades [3] who thus fathered her son Leotychidas [3], yet this is doubtful [1. 67 f.]. Agis only recognised Leotychidas as his son on his death-bed, in order to enable him to succeed to the throne. Lysander [1], however, saw to the election of Agesilaus [2] II (Duris FGrH 76 F 69; Xen. Hell.  3,3,1-4; Paus. 3,8,8-10; Plut. Agesilaus 3; Plut. Alcibiades 23,7-9; Plut. Lysander 22,6-13; Plut.  Mor. 467 f.). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 W. M. Ellis, Alcibiades, 1989.

Pleistoanax

(191 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Πλειστοάναξ/ Pleistoánax). Son of the Spartan regent Pausanias [1] of the house of the Agiads, king 458-408/7 BC (Diod. Sic. 13,75,1), initially under the guardianship of his uncle Nicomedes [1] (Thuc. 1,107,2; Diod. Sic. 11,79,6). In 446, P., in command of a Spartan army in fact led by his advisor Cleandridas, was to march on Attica to engage Athenian troops during the  Euboean revolt. However, after one attack he returned to the Thriasian plain, was charged in Sparta by Pericles…

Trierarchia

(170 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (τριηραρχία; triērarchía). Obligation to equip a trireme for one year and to command the crew ( c. 200 men). Introduced in 483/2 as a military leiturgia (Liturgy I.) in place of the naukrariai , which were no longer sufficient following the naval rearmament programme of Themistocles. Later also used as a technical term for the command of other warships. Because of the great financial burden it imposed, the system was modified from 410 BC by the syntrierarchy (two trierarchoi per ship), and the load was distributed still more in 357 BC or shortly before by t…

Eurypontids

(124 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Εὐρυπωντίδαι; Eurypōntídai). Spartan royal house, whose representatives according to Herodotus (6,51) were supposed to have less prestige than the royal house of the Agiads. In fact the E. provided important kings such as Archidamus II, Agesilaus II, Agis II, III and IV. Its eponym was the fictitious figure of Eurypon, a descendant of Heracles in the sixth (Hdt. 8,131; Str. 8,366) or seventh generation (Plut. Lycurgus 1; Paus. 3,7,1). The list of E., like that of the Agiads, is unusable historically for the period prior to the early 6th cent. BC.  Agiads Welwei, Karl-W…

Tellis

(76 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Τέλλις; Téllis). Spartiate, father of Brasidas, married to Argileonis, who commented on the death of her son (in 422 BC) with the words that he had been brave but Sparta had better men (Plut. Lycurgus 25,8-9; Plut. Mor. 190b; 219d; 240c; Diod. Sic. 12,74,3). T. swore to the Peace of Nicias (Nicias [1]) in 421 BC (Thuc. 5,19,2; 5,24,1) and was then doubtless a champion of Spartan peace policy. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Struthas

(89 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Στρούθας/ Stroúthas; Tod, Nr. 113: Στρούσης/ Stroúsēs). Persian satrap in Ionia [1.216], installed by Artaxerxes [2] II in 391 BC in place of Tiribazus. He was supposed to introduce anti-Spartan politics, immediately approached Athens and defeated the army of Thibron, whom Sparta had dispatched to Asia Minor and who had gained control over the Plain of Maeander from Ephesus after his arrival but then acted carelessly and fell in the battle against S. (Xen. Hell. 4,8,17-19; Diod. Sic. 14,99,1-3). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Hornblower, in: CA…

Gylis

(39 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Γῦλις). Spartiat, 394 v.Chr. Polemarchos, übernahm nach der Schlacht bei Koroneia das Heer des Agesilaos [2] II. und stieß nach Lokris vor. Er fiel auf dem Rückzug (Xen. Ag. 2,15; hell. 4,3,21-23). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Eleutherolakones

(112 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἐλευθερολάκωνες). Bund lakonischer Küstenorte, die als ehemalige Perioikensiedlungen nach der Niederlage des Nabis 195 v.Chr. durch die Römer dem Schutz des Achaiischen Bundes unterstellt wurden. Nach dem Scheitern der Erhebung der Achaier 146 v.Chr. durften sie sich zum koinón tṓn Lakedaimoníon (κοινὸν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων) vereinigen (Liv. 35,13,2; 38,31,2) [2. 51]. Augustus reorganisierte 21 v.Chr. den Bund [1. 60], der fortan koinón tṓn Eleutherolakṓnōn hieß (Strab. 8,366; Paus. 3,21,6f.; IG V 1 1161; 1167; 1243; 1360). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bi…

Prytanen

(764 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(πρυτάνεις, Sing. πρύτανις/ prýtanis, “Vorsteher, Erster”). [English version] I. Einstellige Höchstmagistrate Bezeichnung für Inhaber höchster Macht bzw. Amtsgewalt. Die urspr. Bed. “Herrscher” kommt noch in dem epischen Namen Prýtanis (Hom. Il. 5,678) und in dem Appellativum für Zeus bei Aischylos (Prom. 169) sowie in der auf röm. Kaiser und Kaiserin bezogenen Verbform ( prytaneúein; Phil. in Flaccum 126; Prok. HA 17,27) zum Ausdruck. Im Zuge der Institutionalisierung der Polis-Organe und im Verlauf der Großen Kolonisation (IV.) der Griechen ents…

Pedaritos

(75 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Πεδάριτος). Spartiat, 412/1 v.Chr. Harmost ( harmostaí [1]) in der von Athen abgefallenen Polis Chios, die er gegen athen. Angriffe verteidigte. Da er dabei athen. Parteigänger brutal ausgeschaltet hatte, verklagten ihn die Chier in Sparta (Thuk. 8,28,3; 32-33; 38-40; vgl. Isokr. or. 6,53; Theop. FGrH 115 F 8). Er fiel bei einem Angriff auf athen. Belagerungstruppen (Thuk. 8,55,3). Sein Nachfolger wurde verm. sein Vater Leon [3]. Peloponnesischer Krieg Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Mindaros

(150 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Μίνδαρος). Spartiat, naúarchos (Flottenkommandant) 411/410 v.Chr. Er stieß Mitte Sept. 411 von Miletos aus zur thrakischen Chersonesos durch, um dort die wichtigste athen. Versorgungslinie zu treffen, unterlag aber wenig später bei Kynos Sema einer schwächeren athen. Flotte unter Thrasybulos (Thuk. 8,99-107) sowie in einer zweiten Schlacht bei Abydos [1] (Okt./Nov. 411), nachdem Alkibiades [3] den athen. Streitkräften überraschend Verstärkung zugeführt hatte (Xen. hell. 1,1,2-7; D…

Derkylidas

(255 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Δερκυλίδας). Spartiat; galt als gewandter und listenreicher Truppenführer. Er gewann 411 v.Chr. kampflos Abydos und Lampsakos (Thuk. 8,61f.), war 407/6 Harmost in Abydos (Xen. hell. 3,1,9) und löste 399 im Krieg Spartas gegen den persischen Satrapen Tissaphernes in Kleinasien den unbeliebten Thibron ab, der das Heer, darunter die ehemaligen Söldner des jüngeren Kyros (auch Xenophon), nicht disziplinieren konnte (Xen. hell. 3,1,8-10). In einem “Blitzfeldzug” entriß D. dem Satrape…

Eurypontidai

(114 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Εὐρυπωντίδαι). Spartanisches Königshaus, dessen Repräsentanten nach Herodot (6,51) angeblich weniger Prestige als das Königshaus der Agiadai besaßen. Tatsächlich stellten die E. bedeutende Könige wie Archidamos II., Agesilaos II., Agis II., III. und IV. Als Eponym galt die fiktive Figur des Eurypon, ein Nachfahre des Herakles in sechster (Hdt. 8,131; Strab. 8,366) oder siebter Generation (Plut. Lykurgos 1; Paus. 3,7,1). Die Liste der E. ist, ebenso wie die der Agiaden, für die Zeit vor dem frühen 6. Jh. v.Chr. histor. unbrauchbar. Agiadai Welwei, Karl-Wilhe…

Apella, Apellai

(381 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] Das nur im Plural ἀπέλλαι belegte Wort wird von Hesychios räumlich als σηκοί (umfriedete Sammelplätze) und funktional als ἐκκλησίαι (Volksversammlungen) oder ἐφαιρησίαι (Wahlversammlungen) erklärt. In der Inschr. der Labyaden in Delphi bezeichnet A. das Hauptfest (und wohl die Versammlung) dieser Phratrie in dem mit Apollon verbundenen Monat Apellaios (Michel, RIG 995 = Schwyzer, DGE 323). Inschr. aus Gytheion (Lakonien, 1. Jh.) verwenden den Zusatz μεγάλαι (“große A.”; IG V 1, 1144, Z.20 f.= SGDI 4567 = Michel, RIG 185; IG V 1, 1146, Z. 40 f.= Syll.3 748). Da ἀπε…

Klarotai

(29 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (κλαρῶται). Unfreie Landbewohner in Kreta, die gegen Entrichtung von Abgaben die klā́roi ( klḗros ) der Vollbürger bearbeiteten (Athen. 6,263e-f; Poll. 3,83). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Archidamos

(628 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀρχίδαμος). [English version] [1] II., spartanischer König (ca.475-427 v. Chr.) II., spartanischer König, Eurypontide, Enkel und Nachfolger des Leotychidas II., der nach einem mißglückten Thessalienfeldzug (476/75 v. Chr.?) ins Exil nach Tegea ging und dort 469 starb (Paus. 3,7,10). Ob A. bereits 476/75 oder erst 469 König wurde, bleibt unsicher. Nach dem großen Erdbeben 464 wehrte er entschlossen den Überfall von Heloten auf Sparta ab (Diod. 11,63,4-641; Plut. Kimon 16) und bewährte sich anscheinend in …

Brasidas

(487 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Βρασίδας). Sohn des angesehenen Spartiaten Tellis, der 421 v.Chr. den Nikiasfrieden mitbeschwor (Thuk. 2,25; 5,19; 24). B. bewährte sich bereits zu Beginn des Peloponnesischen Krieges, als er die von Athenern eingeschlossene messenische Küstenstadt Methone befreite. Wohl deshalb wurde er relativ jung 431/30 eponymer Ephor (Diod. 12,43,2) und mil. “Berater”. 429 beriet er den Nauarchos Knemos bei der sog. zweiten Seeschlacht bei Naupaktos und einem Überfall auf Salamis (Thuk. 2,85-94), 427 den Nauarchos Alkidas während der erfo…

Königsfrieden

(106 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] Bezeichnung für den faktisch vom pers. Großkönig Artaxerxes [2] II. den Griechen diktierten (Isokr. or. 4,175f.) “Allgemeinen Frieden” ( koinḗ eirḗnē ) 387/6 v.Chr.; auch “Frieden des Antalkidas” genannt. Die pers. Forderungen, die im Herbst 387 den Griechen in Sardeis übermittelt wurden (StV II 242), enthielten den Anspruch auf alle Poleis in Westkleinasien, Klazomenai und Kypros. Lemnos, Imbros und Skyros sollten “wie früher” zu Athen gehören, alle anderen griech. Staaten autonom…

Mandrokleidas

(133 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Μανδροκλείδας). [English version] [1] Spartiat, versuchte Pyrrhos 272 v. Chr. von weiteren Plünderungen in Lakonien abzuhalten Spartiat (Μανδρικλείδας in guten Hss.). Plutarch (Plut. Pyrrhus 26,24) überliefert eine denkwürdige Äußerung des M., der 272 v.Chr. versucht haben soll, Pyrrhos vom spartan. Widerstandswillen zu überzeugen, um weitere Plünderungen in Lakonien durch dessen Truppen zu verhindern [1. 128f.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] Spartiat, unterstützte 243/2 v. Chr. die Reformpläne des Agis IV. Spartiat (wohl nicht identisch mit…

Rhamphias

(67 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ῥαμφίας). Spartiat, Vater des Klearchos [2] (Thuk. 8,8,2). Mitglied der letzten spartan. Gesandtschaft vor Ausbruch des Peloponnesischen Krieges (431 v. Chr.), die in Athen Friedenswillen signalisierte, falls die Athener ‘den Hellenen die Unabhängigkeit’ zurückgäben (Thuk. 1,139,3). Rh. sollte im Spätsommer 422 die Streitmacht des Brasidas verstärken, erhielt aber in Thessalien die Nachricht von dessen Tod und kehrte zurück nach Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Agiadai

(202 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἀγιάιδαι). Königshaus in Sparta, das nach Herodot (6,51) einen höheren Rang einnahm als das zweite spartanische Königshaus (Eurypontidai). Tatsächlich aber basierte die Autorität der einzelnen Könige auf Leistung und Führungsqualität. Als Stammvater der A. galt die mythische Figur des Herakliden Eurysthenes, dessen Sohn Agis [1] I. der Eponym des Hauses wurde. In der offenbar zur Erklärung des spartanischen Doppelkönigtums schon früh erfundenen Konstruktion erscheinen Eurysthene…

Ephoroi

(563 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (ἔφοροι). “Aufseher”, Jahresbeamte in Sparta und einer Reihe von peloponnesischen bzw. dorischen Poleis und Kolonien (z.B. Thera, Kyrene, Herakleia am Siris). Die bedeutendste Institution dieser Art waren die fünf e. in Sparta, die mit Mehrheitsbeschlüssen entschieden und deren Vorsitzender (Plut. Lysander 30) jeweils spartanischer Eponym wurde. Nach älterer Tradition galt das spartanischer Ephorat als Einrichtung Lykurgs (Hdt. 1,65), später wurde das Kollegium auf König Theopompos im 1. Messenischen Krieg z…

Ischagoras

(80 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἰσχαγόρας). Spartiat, konnte 423 v.Chr. seinen Auftrag, Brasidas in Thrakien Verstärkungen zuzuführen, infolge der Gegenaktionen des Perdikkas von Makedonien nicht ausführen, erreichte aber mit wenigen Begleitern das dortige Kriegsgebiet und ließ durch Brasidas in einigen Poleis Spartiaten als Kommandanten einsetzen (Thuk. 4,132). Nachdem er 421 den Nikiasfrieden mitunterzeichnet und die Ausführung der Bestimmungen in Thrakien überwacht hatte, beschwor er im selben J. das auf 50…

Kleora

(26 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κλεόρα). Spartanerin, Gattin des Agesilaos [2] II., Mutter des Archidamos [2] III. (Xen. hell. 3,4,29; 5,4,25; Plut. Agesilaos 19). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Geranor

(24 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Γεράνωρ). Spartiat, ehemaliger Polemarchos, fiel 369/8 v.Chr. bei der Verteidigung Asines gegen die Arkader (Xen. hell. 7,1,25). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Agesilaos

(609 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀγησίλαος). [English version] [1] legendärer spartan. König (um 900 v. Chr.) A. I., legendärer spartanischer König, Agiade, galt als Sohn des Doryssos und Vater des Archelaos (Hdt. 7,204), “herrschte” nach alexandrinischen Chronographen 929/28-886/85 v. Chr., nach Pausanias (3,2,4) kürzere Zeit. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] II., spartanischer König (400-359 v. Chr.) A. II., spartanischer König, Eurypontide, 444/43 v. Chr. Als sein Bruder Agis [2] II. im Sommer 400 starb und dessen Sohn Leotychidas von der Nachfolge ausge…

Nabis

(593 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Νάβις). Sohn des Damaratos; umstrittener Repräsentant der letzten Phase der spartan. Reformbewegung. N. wurde nach dem Tod des Machanidas (207 v.Chr.) - offenbar als Angehöriger einer Seitenlinie der Eurypontidai - zunächst Regent in Sparta. Er festigte seine Macht durch Beseitigung des jungen Königs Pelops (Diod. 27,1) und führte dann selbst den Königstitel (Syll.3 584). Von Polybios (13,6,1-7,11) und späteren Autoren wird N. als grausamer Tyrann charakterisiert (Diod. 27,1; Liv. 33,44,8; 34,32,3; Plut. Titus 13; Paus. 4,29,10).…

Kleandridas

(87 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κλεανδρίδας). Spartiat; er soll um 470 v.Chr. gegen Tegea (Polyain. 2,10,3) gekämpft haben und 446 als Berater des Königs Pleistoanax auf dem Feldzug nach Attika von Perikles bestochen worden sein. Zum Tode verurteilt, floh K. (Diod. 13,106,10; Plut. Perikles 22f.) und wurde Bürger von Thurioi, wo er nach 443 als Feldherr fungierte (Polyain. 2,10). Die Ausschmückung der Bestechungsaffäre erfolgte wohl erst, nachdem sein Sohn Gylippos der Unterschlagung überführt worden war [1. 145]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 K.L. Noethlichs, Bestechung…

Kratesikleia

(54 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κρατησίκλεια). Gattin des Leonidas II., Mutter des Kleomenes [6] III., dessen Reformpläne sie entschieden unterstützte. Nach der Flucht ihres Sohnes zu Ptolemaios III. ging sie als Geisel nach Äg., wo sie nach dem gescheiterten Putsch des Kleomenes 219 v.Chr. hingerichtet wurde (Plut. Kleomenes 6,2; 7,1; 22,3-10; 38,2-12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Philocharidas

(117 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Φιλοχαρίδας). Spartiat, Sohn des Euryxilaidas, Mitunterzeichner des Waffenstillstandsvertrages zw. Sparta und Athen 423 v.Chr. (Thuk. 4,119,2) und des Nikiasfriedens 421 (Thuk. 5,19,2). Er sollte mit Ischagoras und Menas [1] den Klearidas anweisen, Amphipolis vertragsgemäß an Athen zu übergeben, doch widersetzte sich dieser (Thuk. 5,21). Ph. beschwor im gleichen Jahr die symmachía Spartas mit Athen (Thuk. 5,24,1) und war 420 Mitglied einer spartan. Gesandtschaft, die in Athen durch Intrigen des Alkibiades [3]…

Megillos

(84 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Μέγιλλος). Spartiat, Mitglied einer Dreiergesandtschaft, die 408/7 v.Chr. in Athen über die Freilassung von Kriegsgefangenen verhandelte (Androtion FGrH 324 F 44; [1. 50; 2. 395]); wohl identisch mit dem gleichnamigen Mitglied einer 396 von Agesilaos [2] II. zu Tissaphernes geschickten Gesandtschaft (Xen. hell. 3,4,6) und einem Gesprächspartner bei Platon (epin. passim und leg. 642b), der hier als Gastfreund der Athener bezeichnet wird. Peloponnesischer Krieg Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 D.J. Mosley, Envoys and Diplomacy in An…

Gerontes

(123 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (γέροντες). “Älteste”, im homer. Epos nicht nur hochbetagte Beiräte eines Stadtkönigs (Hom. Il. 3,149), sondern auch ranghohe Statuspersonen (Basileus, I.B.Homerisch) mit Führungsfunktionen in Krieg und Frieden (Hom. Il. 2,404-408). Aus beratenden Versammlungen in frühgriech., noch vorstaatlichen Siedlungs- und Wehrgemeinschaften entwickelten sich mit den staatlichen Strukturen auch Gremien mit bestimmten Zulassungskriterien und Kompetenzen. Indiz für diesen Prozeß ist die Gerich…

Menedaios

(61 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Μενεδάϊος). Spartiat, 426 v.Chr. in Akarnanien im Kriegsrat des Eurylochos [2], nach dessen Niederlage und Tod bei Olpai Kommandeur der dortigen peloponnes. Truppen. Der athen. Befehlshaber Demosthenes [1] gewährte ihm nach geheimer Absprache freien Abzug unter Preisgabe der Ambrakiotai (Thuk. 3,100,2; 109,1-3; [1. 30]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J. Roisman, The General Demosthenes and His Use of Military Surprise, 1993.

Knemos

(70 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κνῆμος). Spartan. Nauarch (Flottenkommandant) 430/29 v.Chr., verwüstete 430 Zakynthos, operierte 429 in Akarnania und wurde bei Oiniadai geschlagen (Thuk. 2,66; 80-82; Diod. 12,47,4f.). K.' Flottenverbände erlitten 429 schwere Niederlagen bei Stratos und Naupaktos gegen die Athener unter Phormion. Im Spätherbst 429 unterblieb ein von K. und seinem “Berater” Brasidas geplanter Überfall auf den Peiraieus; statt dessen wurde Salamis verwüstet (Thuk. 2,83-94; Diod. 12,49). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Panteus

(57 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Παντεύς). Spartaner, führte 223 v.Chr. unter Kleomenes [6] III. zwei spartan. Einheiten mit Erfolg beim Sturm auf Megalopolis (Plut. Kleomenes 23,5-6), floh nach der Schlacht bei Sellasia mit Kleomenes nach Ägypten, wo er nach dessen mißglücktem Versuch, sich aus der Internierung zu befreien, Selbstmord beging (ebd. 37,13-16; 38,5; Pol. 5,37,8). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Apoikia

(893 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἀποικία). Siedlung einer Kolonistengruppe oder ihrer Nachfahren außerhalb des Gebietes einer bestimmten Mutterstadt (Metropolis), die einen Teil ihrer Bürger als “Aussiedler” (ἄποικοι, apoikoi) zur Gründung einer “Pflanzstadt” ausgesandt oder auch Bürger anderer Poleis zur Teilnahme an einer Neugründung aufgefordert hatte. Leiter des Unternehmens war in der Regel ein von der Mutterstadt benannter Oikistes. Vor allem während der “großen griech. Kolonisation” ca. 750-550/500 v. Chr. entstanden zahlreiche neue Gemeinwese…

Klearidas

(70 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κλεαρίδας). Spartiat, Sohn des Kleonymos; von Brasidas 423 v.Chr. als Befehlshaber in Amphipolis eingesetzt, bewährte K. sich nach dem Tod des Brasidas 422 und übergab nach dem Frieden des Nikias die ihm anvertraute Polis nicht den Athenern, um die Bewohner nicht Vergeltungsmaßnahmen auszuliefern (Thuk. 5,21; 34). Unbeeindruckt von Weisungen der Führungsgremien Spartas förderte er erhebliche neue Spannungen zwischen Sparta und Athen. Peloponnesischer Krieg Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Kriegsschuldfrage

(425 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] Hinweise auf öffentl. Empörung über Friedensstörer bei Homer (Hom. Od. 24,424-437) und die Entstehung des röm. Ritus der fetiales zur Eröffnung eines bellum iustum (Völkerrecht) zeigen, daß Kriege auch in archa. Zeit nicht als Normalzustand betrachtet und daß K. diskutiert wurden [1. 127]. Größere polit. Bedeutung gewannen K. im Zuge von Expansionsbestrebungen. Die auslösenden Aktionen und Ursachen, die zu Kämpfen zwischen Griechen und “Barbaren” führten, bilden ein Leitmotiv im Werk des Herodotos. Ric…

Nikolochos

(55 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Νικόλοχος). Spartiat, wurde als epistoleús (“Stellvertreter”) des naúarchos (“Flottenkommandanten”) Antalkidas (388/7 v.Chr.) in Abydos [1] von Iphikrates eingeschlossen und von Antalkidas entsetzt (Xen. hell. 5,1,6-7; 5,1,25-27; Polyain. 2,24). Als naúarchos wurde er 375 v.Chr. bei Alyzeia von dem Athener Timotheos geschlagen (Xen. hell. 5,4,65-66; Diod. 15,36,5; Polyain. 3,10,4; 3,10,12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Kinadon

(99 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Κινάδων). Als hypomeíōn (“Minderberechtigter”) wohl vollbürtiger Spartaner ohne Vollbürgerrecht, suchte K. 398 v.Chr. bei Heloten, Neodamoden, Hypomeiones und Perioiken nach breiter Unterstützung für einen Umsturz, um die herrschende Spartiatenschicht zu entmachten. Einzelheiten über Reformpläne sind nicht bekannt. K. wurde verraten, in eine Falle gelockt und getötet, nachdem er auf der Folter seine Mitwisser genannt hatte. Im Bericht Xenophons (Xen. hell. 3,3,4-11) übertreibt K. generalisierend die Spannungen in Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bo…

Pleistoanax

(181 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Πλειστοάναξ). Sohn des spartan. Regenten Pausanias [1] aus dem Haus der Agiadai, König 458-408/7 v.Chr. (Diod. 13,75,1), zunächst unter der Vormundschaft seines Onkels Nikomedes [1] (Thuk. 1,107,2; Diod. 11,79,6). P. befehligte 446 ein spartan. Heer, das faktisch von seinem Berater Kleandridas geführt wurde und nach Attika einmarschieren sollte, um athen. Truppen während der Erhebung Euboias zu binden. Er kehrte jedoch nach einem Vorstoß in die Thriasische Ebene zurück, wurde in…

Mastigophoroi

(75 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (μαστιγοφόροι, “Peitschenträger”). In Sparta junge Männer (ἡβῶντες, hēbṓntes), die die paidonómoi in der agōgḗ der Knaben unterstützten (Xen. Lak. pol. 2,2); in Athen 404 v.Chr. 300 berüchtigte Polizeidiener der Dreißig ( triákonta ; Aristot. Ath. pol. 35,1); in Kerkyra 425 Mannschaften zur Bewachung von Gefangenen (Thuk. 4,47,3); im hell. Ägypten Diener hoher Funktionsträger, z.B. des oikonómos, des Vertreters des Königs in den nomoí (PTebtunis 121,58; vgl. PCZ 80,4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Lakedas

(54 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Λακήδας; Hdt. 6,127,3: Λεωκήδης). Legendärer König von Argos, angeblich Sohn des gesch. umstrittenen Pheidon. L. galt als Vater des Meltas, des letzten Argiverkönigs (Paus. 2,19,2) [1. 385; 2. 107ff.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 P. Carlier, La royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre, 1984 2 Th. Kelly, A History of Argos to 500 B.C., 1976.

Lampito

(81 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Λαμπιτώ). [English version] [1] Tochter des spartan. Königs Leotychidas II., 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tochter des spartan. Königs Leotychidas II., Gattin des Königs Archidamos [1] II., Mutter des späteren Königs Agis [2] II. (Hdt. 6,71; Plut. Agesilaos 1; Plat. Alk. 1,123c); Aristophanes (Lys.) verwendet den Namen für eine typische Repräsentantin Spartas. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] Samierin. Geliebte des Demetrios [4] um 300 v. Chr. Samierin, Geliebte des Demetrios [4] (Athen. 13,593e-f; Diog. Laert. 5,76). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Chilonis

(145 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Χιλωνίς). [English version] [1] Gattin des Königs Theopompos Legendäre Person, galt als Gattin des Königs Theopompos, den sie aus messenischer Gefangenschaft befreit haben soll (Polyain. 8,34; Quint. inst. 2,17,20; Plut. Lykurgos 7,2; mor. 779e). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [English version] [2] Gattin des Kleonymos, um 300 v.Chr. Gattin des Kleonymos, des Sohnes des Kleomenes II., beging Ehebruch mit dem späteren König Akrotatos und heiratete diesen offenbar nach dem Tod des Kleonymos, der ihretwegen Sparta verlassen und sich Pyrrhos angeschlossen hatte (Syll.3 430; Pl…

Hippitas

(42 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἱππίτας). Vertrauter des spartanischen Königs Kleomenes III., den er nach der Schlacht bei Sellasia nach Alexandreia begleitete, wo er sich 219 v.Chr. nach dessen mißglückter Erhebung gegen Ptolemaios IV. töten ließ (Pol. 5,37,8; Plut. Kleomenes 37,6-13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Ischolaos

(36 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἰσχόλαος). Spartiat, kämpfte im Korinthischen Krieg gegen Chabrias in Thrakien (Polyain. 2,22), fiel im Winter 370/69 v.Chr. in der Skiritis im Kampf gegen Arkader (Xen. hell. 6,5,24-26; Diod. 15,64,3f.). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Phrurarchos

(139 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (φρούραρχος). “Kommandant” ( archós) einer “Wache” ( phrurá), Kommandant einer Besatzung oder Festung. Das Amt hatte im Attisch-Delischen Seebund neben den mil. auch polit. Funktionen zu erfüllen. So beauftragten die Athener nach ihrer Intervention in Erythrai [2] etwa 453/2 v.Chr. ihren dortigen ph. und ihren epískopos [1], die Konstituierung eines neuen Rates zu überwachen. Der ph. sollte diese Aufgabe fortan alljährlich mit dem jeweils abtretenden lokalen Rat ausüben (IG I3 14). Als griech. Äquivalent wird der Terminus außerdem für persische “…

Epitadeus

(157 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἐπιτάδευς). Ephor in Sparta, soll es nach Plutarch (Agis 5) aus Groll gegen seinen Sohn gesetzlich ermöglicht haben, Haus und Kleros nach Belieben zu verschenken oder zu vererben, zweifellos um die Zahl der Spartiaten zu erhöhen. Plutarch datiert diese Rhetra vage nach 404 v.Chr., führt aber dabei gravierende Besitzunterschiede der Spartiaten um 250 auf sie zurück. Aristoteles (pol. 1270a 15-34) scheint die Mißstände im Kosmos Spartas Mitte des 4. Jh. z.T. als Folge dieses Geset…

Lakrates

(30 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] Spartan. Olympionike; fiel 403 v.Chr. im Peiraieus im Gefecht gegen Widerstandskämpfer, die Athen von der Herrschaft der “Dreißig” (Triakonta) befreiten (Xen. hell. 2,4,33). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

Hyparchia

(194 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[English version] (ὑπαρχία). Hell. Begriff für “Unterbezirk” einer Satrapie, vornehmlich im Seleukidenreich. In der durch OGIS 1, 238 bezeugten h. Eriza (Kleinasien) war der “Gouverneur” ( hýparchos, ὕπαρχος) direkt dem Satrapen von Karien unterstellt (OGIS 1,224), so daß es hier keine Zwischeninstanz zwischen beiden Funktionsträgern gab [1. 176]. Der Beleg kann allerdings auch aus der Attalidenzeit stammen, doch wären in diesem Fall Rückschlüsse auf die seleukid. Verwaltung möglich, in der ein hýparchos (OGIS 1,225) als Verwalter einer von der eparchía
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