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(Μακρόβιοι; Makróbioi, Lat. Macrobii). [German version] [1] According to Herodotus 'the long-lived Ethiopians' According to Herodotus, Cambyses had also the intention of campaigning against the ‘long-living Ethiopians’ (μακροβίους Αἰθίοπας, Hdt. 3,17,1), who lived on the ‘southern sea’ (νοτίῃ θαλάσσῃ, Hdt. l.c.; cf. also Hdt. 3,21-23). Since this notíēi thalássēi (νοτίῃ θαλάσσῃ) of Herodotus' is lost in mythical darkness, it is useless to speculate on the locales of the ‘long-living Ethiopians’, who are occasionally incorrectly separated from…

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[German version] (Γίγωνος; Gígōnos). The town situated close to Cape Gigonis, that is probably to be found north-west of modern Nea Kallikrateia on the west coast of the Chalcidian Peninsula, is mentioned in Hdt. 7,123,2 with regard to the campaign of Xerxes; G. is also mentioned in the Athenian tribute quota lists between 434/3 and 421 BC and for 432 as the line of communication of…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Σερμυλία/ Sermylía). City on the right bank of the Chavrias to the south of modern Ormilia at the northern end of the Gulf of Torone (Hdt. 7,122; Scyl. 66). The earliest evidence for S. is on silver coins minted in the 6th cent. BC (HN 207). Judging by the magnitude of its tribute during its membership of the Delian League (ATL 400 f.), varying between three and seven talents, S. was after Torone the most important Chalcidian city. …

(Στρατονίκη; Stratoníkē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Alexander [2] I, c. 500 BC Daughter of the Macedonian king Alexander [II 2] I. In the winter of 429/8 BC, she was married by her brother Perdiccas [2] II to Seuthes [1], nephew of the Odrysian king Sitalces [1],…

(Ἀρριδαῖος; Arrhidaîos) [German version] [1] Ruler of Upper-Macedonian Elimea (5th cent. AD) Son or son-in-law of Macedonian king  Amyntas [1] I and ruler of the Upper Macedonian region of Elimea (schol. Thuc. 1,57,3). Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography F. Geyer, Makedonien bis zur Thronbesteigung Philipps II., 1930, 78f. HM, Vol. 2, 18f. [German version] [2] Father of King Amyntas [3] III (2nd half 5th cent. AD) Son of Amyntas, grandson of the Macedonian king Alexander [2] I and father of King Amyntas [3] III (Syll.3 135, 157; Diod. Sic. 15.60.3). Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography…

(Ἀντιγόνεια; Antigóneia). [German version] [1] City in Syria This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni In Syria (Str. 16,750; Diod. Sic. 20,47) at the Orontes. Founded by Antigonus in the year 307 BC. …

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Σίγγος/ Síngos). City on the gulf named after it, on the isthmus of Sithonia at modern Agios Nikolaos. After its mention during the campaign of Xerxes I (Hdt. 7,122), it appears in the Athenian tribute lists, usually with two talents (ATL 1, 402 f.). In 432/1 BC the city seceded from Athens and lost the greater par…

[German version] (Λήκυθος; Lḗkythos). In 423 BC the Spartan commander Brasidas conquered the fort of L. - mentioned only in Thuc. 4,113-116 - in the area of the town of Torone on the Chalcidic peninsula. Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel)

(Μενέλαος/Menélaos, Attic Μενέλεως/Menéleos; Latin Menelaus). [German version] [1] Ruler of Sparta, married to Helena…

(Ἀέροπος; Aéropos). [German version] [1…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Τορώνη/ Torṓnē). A city, located at the modern village of Toroni (Hdt. 7,122; Scyl. 66), dominating the whole southern part of Sithonia, the middle finger-like promontory of the Chalcidian peninsula. Its significance in Antiquity was primarily due to an excellent harbour, still in use today, in a bay on the southwestern side of the peninsula and the fertile plain on its eastern side. The earliest sources for the history of T. are coins (minted from the 6th cent. BC). Until the Peloponnesian War T. was the most important city of the Chalcidians (Chalcidice), to which the administration of Olynthus was transferred after its seizure by the Persians in 479 BC. In the Athenian lists of tribute quotas (ATL 1, 426 f.) T. is listed with six talents at the most; in contrast to the other Chalcidian cities, it remained loyal to Athens even after 432 BC and seceded only in 423, at the instigation of the oligarchs, to Brasidas, who installed a Spartan commandant in the city (Thuc. 4,110-116; 4,132,3). In the summer of 422, T. was reconquered by Cleon [1] and severely punished (Thuc. 5,2 f.); it was ceded to the Athenians in the Peace of Nicias [1] in 421 BC (Thuc. 5,18,8). After a few years of independence, T. was a member of the Chalcidian League, and in 380 was occupied by the Spartan king Agesipolis [1] (Xen. Hell. 5,3,18). After the provisional dissolution of the Chalcidian League T. was again independent, but in 364 BC was conqu…

I. Sanctuary [German version] A. Etymology and definition The word νυμφαῖον/ nymphaîon is first attested in the 4th cent. BC, on Delos (IG XI,2,144, A l. 91). It originally designated a sanctuary of the nymphs. A nymphaeum is first attested in Itanus on Crete in the 3rd cent. BC together with a water reservoir (ILS 9458). The Latinised form nymphaeum is first found in Pomponius Mela (first half of the …

(Θρασυδαῖος/ Thrasydaîos). [German version] [1] From Elis, c. 400 BC T. from Elis. Leader of anti-Spartan democrats in the war between Elis and Sparta (402-400 BC), after initial successes in 400 he had to conclude a peace in which the Eleans abandoned dependent towns with the exception of Olympia (Xen. Hell. 3,2,21-31; Diod. 14,17,4-12; 34,1; Paus. 3,8,3-5).…

[German version] (Κρουσίς; Krousís). This region named in Hdt. 7,123,2, Thuc. 2,79,4, Str. 7, fr. 21 and Steph. Byz. s.v., lay to the north of  Bottice on the north-west coast of the Chalcidic peninsula between cape Megalo Karaburnu and Nea Kallikrateia. Its coastal towns Aenea, Smila, Scapsa, Gigonus and Haisa are mentioned already in Hecataeus and in Herodotus' account of Xerxes' campaign, and attested, in some cases from 452/1 BC, in others only from 434/3 (together with the inland localities of…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Athenian League (Second) (Δίκαια; Díkaia). This colony of  Eretria was probably founded in the middle of the 6th cent. BC with the help of Peisistratus; it lay east of Aineia in the interior, probably near Trilofo. As late as the early years of the Peloponnesian War it was a member of the  Delian League. It was able to keep its autonomy into the first half of the 4th cent., becoming Macedonian no later than 349/8. Its later history is unknown. Z…