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Wisdom Literature
(4,476 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies Words for wisdom display a great range of meanings, which need to be taken into account in discussing Wisdom literature. Etymologically the words
wise and
wisdom ¶ (also Ger.
Wissen, “knowledge”) derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *
weid- (cf. Sanskrit
vid- with its derivatives
veda, “[religious] knowledge,” and
vidya, “knowledge”; also Lat.
videre, “see”). Gk γνῶσις/
gnṓsis, “knowledge” (including the technical term Gnosis), Sanskrit
jñāna-, “knowledge,” and Eng.
know have a common verbal root *
jen(
ə)-. Equivalents to the Heb. verb םכ…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Tithing
(1,866 words)
[German Version]
I. History of Religion Instances in which a certain share of a person’s gains were ceded to the gods are known from the religions of the ancient Near East and of Classical Antiquity; on the evidence of the Old Testament (e.g. Lev 27:32f.; 1 Sam 8:15), Judaism and Christianity were also familiar with tithing (see III, IV below). Even the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), which only cultivates a loose relationship to biblical tradition, takes up this notion in the B…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Hereafter, Concepts of the
(5,151 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. History of Religions – III. Philosophy of Religion – IV. Art History
I. Religious Studies All cultures have concepts of a hereafter or beyond (“the next world”), although they are extremely diverse. They involve a realm of existence different from the visible earthly world but nevertheless thought of as real. Concepts of the hereafter are part of cosmology and therefore are related to the real world: the hereafter may be localized above or below the earth, in inaccessib…
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Religion Past and Present
Politics
(7,247 words)
[German Version]
I. Social Sciences Since its Greek origins,
politics has meant (a) an action with a specific object, aiming to achieve the best way for all the inhabitants of the ancient city-state (
pólis) to live together and hence achieve the common good of the ¶ community (
koinón), and (b) the theory of this action (Sellin; see also Political science). Given that we no longer live in small urban societies but in large, open, and functionally complex societies (Society), politics includes – but cannot be limited to – the system of state g…
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Religion Past and Present
Syncretism
(5,112 words)
[German Version]
I. Terminology The word
syncretism in its broadest sense denotes any blend or combination of diverse cultural phenomena. This usage derives from an apparently reasonable but false etymology:
syncretism is commonly derived from the Greek verb συνκεράννυμι/
synkeránnymi, “mix.” In fact, however, it is a neologism coined by Plutarch (
Mor. 490b), who called the way Cretans came together in the face of external enemies
synkretismos. Erasmus of Rotterdam than borrowed the term and introduced it into the language of Christian theology. In theology th…
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Religion Past and Present
Name
(5,597 words)
[German Version] I. Linguistics – II. Philosophy – III. Religious Studies – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Old Testament – VI. New Testament – VII. Church History – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam
I. Linguistics Linguistically, a name is a proper noun (
nomen proprium) as opposed to a common noun (
nomen appellativum); both function grammatically as substantives. Proper nouns (names) designate individual persons, places, things, and ideas or collectives thought of as individuals; they do not ascribe common attributes to their referents. Outside…
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Religion Past and Present
Rite and Ritual
(6,139 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies
1. The terms The terms rite and ritual are often used synonymously, both in daily speech and in the specialized language of religious studies, leading to a lack of clarity. “Rite” is etymologically related to Sanskrit
ṛta, “right, order, truth, custom,” and may thus be regarded as the “smallest” building block of a ritual, which can be defined as a complex series of actions in a (logical) functional relationship. Within a three-level sequence, cult (Cult/Worship : I, 2) must also be taken into cons…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Demons and Spirits
(6,288 words)
[German Version] I. History of Religion (Ancient Near East and Antiquity) – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Iconography – VI. Practical Theology – VII. Judaism – VIII. Islam
I. History of Religion (Ancient Near East and Antiquity) The term “demon” as used in European language groups derives from the Greek (δαίμων/
daímōn), where it initially also referred simply to gods (ϑεοί/
theoí; cf. Homer
Iliad 1.122) without either positive or negative connotations. The exclusively “negative” charge associate…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Devil
(8,622 words)
[German Version] I. Names and Terms – II. Religious Studies – III. Ancient Near East and Old Testament – IV. New Testament – V. Church History – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. Fundamental Theology – VIII. Dogmatics – IX. Judaism – X. Islam – XI. History of Art and Literature
I. Names and Terms
1. Devil The secular Greek noun διάβολος/
diabolos comes from one of the meanings of the verb διαβάλλω/
diaballō, “separate, sever,” which led to meanings such as “accuse, slander, deceive.” From the Greek noun came Latin
diabolus, from which the English …
Source:
Religion Past and Present