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[German version] Anonymous, apparently clerical, author of the 8th cent. AD from Ravenna (4,31), also referred to as Anonymus Ravennas. His Cosmographia describes the entire world as it was known in his time in 5 bks. Bk. 1 argues ─ in observance of Biblical and patristical traditions ─ for a view of the earth as a flat disc surrounded by oceans, with the sun running along the southern rim during the day. Bks. 2-5 present lists of 5,000 place names, organized by regions and, in part, by Roman provinces (regions, cit…

[German version] Roman geographer of the 4th cent. AD.; his work was the primary model of the  Geographus Ravennas. C. is also erroneously considered the author of  Tabula Peutingeriana (see in this regard [1]). Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography 1 Miller, XIII.

[German version] (Eυθυμένης; Euthyménēs). Greek seafarer, probably of the 6th-5th cents. BC, who sailed along the north-western African Atlantic coast to the mouth of a big river (Senegal?), where he noticed areas of fresh water within the ocean, and where the  Etesians periodically caused the river water to rise; this together with the fauna of that region, which was similar to that of Egypt (crocodiles, hippopotami), led E. to conclude that the river must be the upper course of the Nile, rising f…

[German version] (Δαμάστης; Damástēs). Son of Dioxippus from Sigeum, Greek geographer and historian of the 5th cent. BC, probably a student of  Hellanicus (Agathemerus 1,1). With the exception of a few fragments, his works do not survive. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography FGrH 5.

[German version] (Μεγασθένης; Megasthénes). Diplomat and historian (c. 350-290 BC). An envoy sent out several times between 302 and 291 under Seleucus I, especially to northern India, where Chandragupta ( Sandracottus) founded the Maurya kingdom. His geographical and ethnographical work Indiká, three or four books, preserved only in fragments, was based on observation and information uncritically received through interpreters. For a long time it was the most detailed presentation of India and was used by Diodorus [18] Siculus, Strabo …

[German version] (Κωλαῖος). A trader from Samos only mentioned in Hdt. 4,152 in connection with the founding history of Cyrene (7th cent. BC). His ship was blown off-course by the east wind beyond the Columns of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar) on the way to Egypt and reached  Tartessus, which was previously unknown to the Greeks.  Discovery, voyages of Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)

[German version] Modern term for a graphical representation, albeit not to scale, of the City of Rome. It was created between AD 203 and 208 on a 235 m2 marble wall in the Forum of Vespasian in Rome. The preserved fragments are an important record of the ancient topography of the city.  Rome (Topography) Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography G. Carettoni et al., La pianta marmorea di Roma antica, 1960 E. Rodríguez-Almeida, Forma Urbis Marmorea, 1981 J. P. Heisel, Antike Bauzeichnungen, 1993, 193-197 K. Brodersen, Terra Cognita, 1995, 231-236.

[German version] List of the sights of the 14 municipal districts ( regiones) of Rome. Aside from the core Constantinian Curiosum urbis Romae, a more recent, more intensely interpolated Notitia and a Classis commixta have been passed down to us. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography A. Nordh, Prolegomena till den romenska regionskatalogen, 1936 Id., Libellus de regionibus urbis Romae, 1949 HLL 5, 1989, § 520.

[German version] Voyages of exploration served to open up new routes and thus also new geographical spaces, which ─ even though they may long have been known to other peoples ─ still had to be discovered for the Graeco-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean; this explains why most of these voyages took place comparatively early. The opening up of routes across the Mediterranean and its subsidiary seas and the associated coastal regions was already accomplished in prehistoric times and perhaps became the subject of myths ( Odysseus;  Argonautae). Historically evident discoveries thus …

[German version] Title of an anonymous Latin didactic poem on marine life. Only the first 22 hexameters of the  praefatio survive, in some manuscripts of the works of Solinus (Anth. Lat. 1,2, no. 720 Riese). Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)

[German version] and Descriptio totius mundi are the titles of two anonymous free Latin adaptations of a lost anonymous Greek commercial-geographical text, written in AD 459/460. This work written by an Orthodox covers Asia, Europe, and Africa as far as Egypt including the islands, and offers colourful details about the characteristics, products, trading habits, and lives of the various peoples. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography GGM 2, 513-528 GLM, 104-126 J. Rougé, E., SChr 124, 1966 F. Martelli, Introduzione alla E., 1982 J. Drexhage, Die E., in: Münstersche Beiträg…

[German version] (Ἀγαθήμερος; Agathḗmēros). Son of Orthon (imperial Rome), author of a geographical outline ( Geography) Hypotýpōsis geōgraphías, (ὑποτύπωσις γεωγραφίας), only known from copies of the Cod. Palatinus gr. 398 (9th cent. AD) (GGM 2,471-487) [1]. A. gives a short summary of geographical science from  Thales to  Posidonius, provides definitions and etymology of the continents (ch. 1), also observations on the  wind rose (ch. 2), on the seas (ch. 3), on the length and breadth of the   oikoumene (ch. 4), and on the dimensions of the islands of the Mediterranean (ch. 5). An an…

[German version] Two anonymous lists of lands and islands of the Roman oikoumene with their length and width in Roman miles, probably created in the 5th cent. AD [1; 2]. Like similar information in Plin. HN 3-6, they can also be traced back to  Agrippa [1] [3]. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography 1 Editions: GLM 9-20 2 K. Brodersen, C. Plinius Secundus: Naturkunde VI, 1996, 329-336 3 A. Klotz, Die geogr. commentarii des Agrippa, in: Klio 24, 1931, 38-58, 386-466. J. J. Tierney, Dicuili Liber de mensura orbis terrae, 1967, 22-26.

(Ἀγάθων; Agáthōn). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian Attic tragedian, c. 455- c. 401 BC, son of Tisamenus (Schol. Lucian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). According to Ath. 5,217b he achieved his first Lenaean victory in 416. The post-victory celebration of this win forms the historical background to Plato's Symposium. In 411 he is made fun of in the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes, and in the same year he is defended in court by Antiphon [4]. Like Euripides, he left Athens before 405 (cf. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ael. VH 13,4) and made his way to the court…

(Ἵππαλος; Híppalos). [German version] [1] Son of Sosus, priest of a royal cult, officer Son of Sosus (?); father of the district commander Theomnestus (PP 1/8, 260; 3/9, 5147) and the athlophore Batra (PP 3/9, 5051). From 185-169 BC, priest of the royal cult in Ptolemais Hermou; documented in 182 and 173 as an eponymous officer; before November 176 (from 185?) ἀρχισωματοφύλαξ ( archisōmatophýlax, ‘arch-bodyguard’) and first stratēgós of the Thebaid (court title dependent on reading of PLond VII 2188, 214); from November 176 until at least May 172 τῶν πρώτων φίλων ( tôn prṓtōn phílōn) and ep…

[German version] [1] Epic poet and one of the Homeridae (Κρεόφυλος; Kreóphylos). Appears in the ancient legend of Homer as one of the  Homeridai, either Homer's friend (Pl. Resp. 600b = [2. Test. 3]) or his son-in-law (schol. Pl. Resp. 600b = [2. Test. 4]). He originally stemmed from either Samos (thus Callim. Epigr. 6 = [2. Test. 7]; Str. 14,638 = [2. Test. 8]), or Ios (thus Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi p. 44, 28 Wil. = [2. Test. 2]; Vita Homeri Procli p. 26, 26 Wil. = [2. Test. 9]) or Chios (thus Suda = [2. Test. 6]; schol. Pl. Resp. 600b = [2. Test. 3]). Supposedly, he was the author of the …

[German version] [1] King (suffete) ‘King’ (suffete) of Carthage, probably in the early 5th cent. BC, only known for his sea expedition along the western coast of Africa intended to create and secure Carthaginian colonies. It led from the ‘Columns of Hercules’ (Straight of Gibraltar) to the island of Kerne (near modern Mauretania?), and ─ for the purpose of discovering passages ─ further to the Bay of Notou Keras (‘Horn of the Southern Wind’, modern Cameroon?). References to H.'s voyage begin to appear in the 3rd cent. BC (Aristot. Mir. 833a 11), esp. in Mela (3,90; 93)…

(Εὔδοξος; Eúdoxos). [German version] [1] of Cnidus Ancient mathematician and astronomer One of the most important ancient mathematicians and astronomers, he was presumably born in 391/390 BC (on the problem of dating see [7. 137-139]). He studied mathematics with  Archytas [1] and medicine with  Philistion. At the age of 23 he went to Athens and it is said that, among other things, he attended lectures there with  Plato. At the expense of his Cnidian friends, presumably in 365/4 [11], E. went with a letter…

(Μενεκλῆς/ Meneklês). [German version] [1] Athenian lawyer, 350 and 347 BC Athenian. In 350 and 347 BC he was synegoros for Boeotus ( Mantitheus [3]) and his mother Plangon in two lawsuits (Dem. Or. 39,2; 40,9f.; 32). Allegedly a sycophant, Menecles was himself accused by Ninus's son. The prosecution speech (Din. fr. 33 Conomis) was attributed to Dinarchus. Engels, Johannes (Cologne) Bibliography Schäfer, Beilagen 1885, 211-226 PA 9908 Traill, PAA 643135. [German version] [2] Greek historian and antiquarian, 2nd cent. BC Menecles from Barca in northern Africa, a Greek histo…

(Ἀχιλλεὺς Τάτιος; Achilleùs Tátios). [German version] [1] Of Alexandria of Alexandria, 2nd cent. AD Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) [German version] A. Life As well as the novel ‘Leucippe and Cleitophon’ (in eight books), he wrote a treatise on the sphere of heaven, a treatise on etymology and a polygraphic work. According to the Suda lexicon (α 4695 Adler) he is said to have converted to Christianity -- a fiction like that circulating about  Heliodorus. It notes that on the whole his style is similar to that of other authors of romantic novels [1. 1710]. Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) …

(Ἀπολλωνίδης; Apollōnídēs). [German version] [1] Greek geographer of the time of Mithridates VI Greek geographer of the time of Mithridates VI (early 1st cent. BC); author of a   periplous of Europe; the few surviving fragments cover the region of the eastern Mediterranean. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography FHG 4, 309-310 H. Berger, s. v. A. 28, RE 2, 120. [German version] [2] of Nicaea Grammarian (Ἀπολλωνίδης ὁ Νικαεύς; Apollōnídēs ho Nikaeús). Greek  grammarian of the 1st cent. AD. He dedicated a commentary on the Silloi of  Timon of Phleious to the Emperor Tiberius (Di…

(Κοσμᾶς; Kosmâs). [German version] [1] C. and Damianus Doctor's saints and patrons of healing Doctor saints and patrons of healing. The Greek Synaxarion (ed. by H. Delehaye) contains three different pairs of saints with these names: 1) the sons of Theodata, who were born in Asia Minor and buried in Pelusium, whose feast day is 1 November; 2) the Roman martyrs stoned during the rule of  Carinus (283-285), whose feast day is 1 July; 3) the Arab martyrs killed with their three brothers under the emperor Diocleti…

(Ἄνδρων; Ándrōn). [German version] [1] One of the 400 (end of the 5th cent. BC) From Gargettus, son of an Androtion and father of the Atthidographer  Androtion (FGrH 324), with sophistic interests (Pl. Grg. 487C; Prot. 315C). About a debt affair Dem. Or. 22,33 and passim. Probably identical with A., one of the 400 (500: [1]), author of a   psephisma against Antiphon [4] 411 BC (Craterus FGrH 342 F5). Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography 1 G. Pesely, in: Illinois Class. Stud. 20, 1995, 66-76. Davies, 913 Traill, PAA 129265, 129130 P. Harding, Androtion and the Atthis, 1994, 14 f. …

(Πατροκλῆς; Patroklês). [German version] [1] Athenian office holder, end of the 5th cent. BC Athenian, árchōn basileús in (404/)403 BC; a relative of Isocrates, who defended him (Isoc. Or. 18,5). Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Develin, 94 Nr. 1  Traill, PAA 768600. [German version] [2] Accuser of Demosthenes An Athenian from Phlya; his accusation of paranomia (Paranomon graphe) against Demosthenes [2] (Dem. Or. 18,5) was unanimously rejected and cost him a fine of 500 drachmas. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Traill, PAA 768710. [German version] [3] Gree…

(Ἱεροκλῆς; Hieroklês). [German version] [1] Carian mercenary leader of the 3rd cent. BC Carian mercenary leader of the 3rd cent. BC. In 287/6 together with Heraclides he foiled the attempt of Athenian democrats to take the Piraeus and the Munychia (Polyaenus, Strat. 5,17). Under  Antigonus [2] Gonatas, H. held the position of a Macedonian phroúrarchos (‘commandant of a garrison’) in Piraeus and repeatedly was host to the king. He was a friend of the leader of the Academy, Arcesilaus [5] (Diog. Laert. 4,39f.) and acquainted with Menedemus (Diog. Laert. 2,127).  Demetrius [2] Engels, Joh…

(Ἀρτεμίδωρος; Artemídōros). [German version] [1] Indo-Greek King in 1st cent. BC. Coins are the only evidence of his existence, middle Indian Artemitora. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 110, 316-318. [German version] [2] Elegiac poet Writer of elegies Περὶ Ἔρωτος in which, among others, the katasterismós of the dolphin was narrated. He had helped Poseidon win Amphitrite as his wife (Ps.-Eratosth. Catasterismus 31 S. 158 Robert, cf. schol. ad Germanicus, Aratea, S. 92,2ff. Breysig = SH 214). Even if this is only a hy…

Roman surname, derived from the name of the goddess Iuno [1. 470; 2. 731]. The gens was plebeian; the idea that this family originated from the patrician founder of the Republic L. I. [I 4] Brutus (Cic. Att. 13,40,1), which was particularly propagated by the murderers of Caesar, M. and D. I. Brutus [I 10 and 12], was already a matter of controversy in ancient times (Plut. Brutus 1,6-8). T.  Pomponius Atticus (Nep. Att. 18,3) composed a family history at the request of M. Brutus. This gens became politically im…

[German version] I Greek (Φίλων/ Phíl ōn). [German version] [I 1] Athenian politician Athenian from Acharnae who was exiled by the Oligarchic regime in 404 BC (Triakonta). During the civil war, he lived as a metoikos (resident without Attic citizenship) in Oropos awaiting the outcome of events. Following his return, when he applied to join the boulḗ he was accused of cowardice and other misdemeanours at a dokimasia investigation (Dokimasia) (Lys. 31; possibly 398 BC). Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography Blass, vol.1, 480f.  Th.Lenschau, A. Raubitschek, s.v. P. (2), RE 19, 2526f. …

(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services for Athens at the Persian court in 423 BC for which he received Attic citizenship soon after moving there (after 400, Syll.3 118). To move the Athenians …

(Διονύσιος; Dionýsios). Famous personalities: D. [1], the tyrant of Syracuse; the historian D. [18] of Halicarnassus. Dionysios (month),  Months, names of the. The chronicle of Ps.-D. by Tell Maḥre see D. [23]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] D. I. Notorious tyrant in Syracuse c. 400 BC of Syracuse, son of Hermocritus, born in c. 430 BC, died in 367 BC. Founder of the ‘greatest and longest tyrannical rule in history’ (Diod. Sic. 13,96,4; appearance: Timaeus FGrH 566 F 29). Possessing a sophist education (Cic. Tusc. 5,63), D. had enormous ambitions a…