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Klopsch, Paul I. Language (CT) [German version] A. Vulgar Latin and Late Latin (CT) After the fall of the Classical world, the Latin language followed paths on two levels into the Middle Ages. The spoken language of ordinary people continued to be passed on from person to person, with regional differences and partly influenced by substrata, as a kind of mother tongue. Its features can be seen from time to time as intentional characterisation in the written language, as in Petronius' novel and, more frequentl…

Klopsch, Paul I. Language (CT) [German version] A. Period (CT) The Latin language in the Modern Period, Neo-Latin (NL) [3], arose from a counter-movement against aspects of the preceding linguistic period, that of Medieval Latin.  The movement had its origins in the criticism by early Italian Humanists of the medieval, and particularly Scholastic, linguistic features which had become increasingly distant from Classical Latinity. As an approximate chronological boundary between Medieval Latin and NL we may…

Klopsch, Paul I. Sprache (RWG) [English version] A. Vulgärlatein und Spätlatein (RWG) Nach dem Untergang der ant. Welt hat die lat. Sprache auf zwei Ebenen ihren Weg ins MA genommen. Die gesprochene Sprache des gemeinen Mannes pflanzt sich, regional differenziert und z. T. unter dem Einfluß von Substraten, von Sprecher zu Sprecher als "Muttersprache" fort; ihre Merkmale lassen sich in der geschriebenen Sprache bisweilen als beabsichtigte Charakterisierungen, z. B. im Roman des Petronius erfassen, öfters al…

Klopsch, Paul I. Sprache (RWG) [English version] A. Zeitrahmen (RWG) Die lat. Sprache der Neuzeit, das N. [3], ist aus einer Gegenbewegung gegen Erscheinungen der vorangehenden Sprachperiode, des Mittellateins, entstanden. Die Bewegung nimmt ihren Ausgang in der Kritik der frühen it. Humanisten an den von der klass. Latinität immer weiter entfernten ma., speziell scholastischen, Sprachgewohnheiten. Als Zeitgrenze zw. Mittellatein und N. gilt, nach dem Beschluß des 2. International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies (Amsterdam 1973), etwa das J. 1300. Klopsch, Paul …

Real name Johannes Heidenberg/Zeller; also Johannes Tritheim; German Humanist. Born Trittenheim (T. called himself Tritemius after his place of birth) 1. 2. 1462, died Würzburg 13. 12. 1516. Studied at Trier and Heidelberg (without graduating). Entered the Benedictine monastery of Sponheim near Bad Kreuznach in 1482; elected abbot in 1483. Irreconcilable differences with (some of) the monks in 1505 led to the search for a new position. 1506 moved to the Abbey of St. Jakob in Würzburg; elected abbot there shortly after his arrival. Work and influence T. left a substantial oeuvre re…

Erasmus, Desiderius; Dutch Humanist, theo-logian, philosopher and philologist. Born Rotterdam 27/28. 10. 1466 (probably correctly as in [29], rather than 1467 or 1469), died Basel 11/12. 7. 1536. School 1478–1487 at Deventer (chapter school of St. Lebuin); from 1484, after his mother’s death, at ’ s-Hertogenbosch (school of the Brethren of the Common Life). 1487–1488 entered canonry of Stein at Gouda, professing as canon-regular in the Augustinian rite. Holy orders 25. 4. 1492; 1493 named secretary to the Bishop of Cambrai, Hendrik van Bergen. ¶ Temporarily excused the obligatio…

Nicolaus/Nicolas Clenard(us); Belgian Humanist, theologian, grammarian and Orientalist. Born Diest 5.(?) 12. 1495, died Granada 5. 11. 1542. Studied theology and ancient languages at Leuven. Named president of the Collegium Scholasticum (or Kolleg van Houterlee) there in 1521. Took holy orders, probably around this time, and taught Greek and Hebrew at Leuven Univ. in the 1520s. 1531, librarian to Hernando Colón (son of Columbus) at Seville. 1533 prof. of Greek and Latin at Salamanca. Shortly afterwards King João III of Portugal …

Beatus Bild; German Humanist and philologist. Born 22. 8. 1485 in Schlettstadt (now Sélestat, Alsace), into a family from Rheinau, hence called Rhinower – which, from his Paris student days, became the Latin Humanist name Rhenanus), died 20. 7. 1547 in Strasbourg. 1503–1507 studied at Faculty of Arts in Paris; work as proofreader in the officinae of, among ¶ others, Henri Estienne (Henricus Stephanus) in Paris; first publishing work from 1508 with Matthias Schürer in Strasbourg. 1511–1513 studied Greek at Basel. From this time also working as proofreader and editor for the officina of …

Italian Humanist and historian. Born 1392 in Forlì, died 4. 6. 1463 at Rome. Trained as a notary in Cremona; worked in chambers 1410. 1423 marriage and banishment from Forlì (to 1427); official in the Veneto; 1433–1449 in Rome, working for the Papal Curia under Eugene IV, from 1436 as scriptor litterarum apostolicarum. With hostility towards him under Nicholas V, moved to northern Italy until 1452, then at royal court in Naples; 1453 again appointed to Papal Curia at Rome. Work and influence Although B. came from a modest civil lawyer’s background and did not complete univ. st…

¶ In antiquity, Latin had effectively been the language of Roman imperial rule and government. A few centuries later, Latin played a crucial role in the construction of the Carolingian Empire on accoun…

¶ The notions of praise and blame are of central importance for both the production and the consumption of Neo-Latin literature. First of all, they have a well-defined place in the system of classical rhetoric: laus and vituperatio const…

¶ The contributors to the recently published Oxford History of Historical Writing1 explicitly took it upon themselves to overcome the Eurocentrism inherent in nearly all accounts of the history of historiography…

A. OriginsAfter the Duke of Burgundy, Philip III (the Good) brought the Duchy of Brabant under his control in 1430, its political centre of gravity shifted permanently from L. to Brussels. Nonetheless, L. developed into a prominent centre of intellectual and cultural life, thanks to the university, which was founded in 1425 [5]. The foundation, which was instigated by the L. municipal authorities with the support of the canons of St. Peter's and Johann IV, Duke of Brabant, and which Pope Martin V sealed, was part of a first wave of academic expa…

A. LifeJustus L. was a towering figure of Dutch and European Late Humanism across his entire spectrum of interests from text criticism to moral philosophy and political theory. He was particularly influential as the founder of Neostoicism (Stoicism). Born Joost Lips on October 18, 1547 at Overijse (near Brussels), he died on March 23/24, 1606 at Leuven. He studied at Cologne from 1559 to 1568 (1564 Baccalaureus artium) and Leuven. Between the autumn of 1568 and April 1570, he was at Rome (from May 1569 as secretary to Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle), where he…

Ital. Humanist und Historiker. Geb. 1392 in Forlì, gest. am 4. 6. 1463 in Rom. Ausbildung zum Notar in Cremona; ab 1410 in mehreren Kanzleien tätig. 1423 Ehe und Verbannung aus Forlì (bis 1427); Funktionär im Veneto; 1433–1449 in Rom im Dienst der päpstlichen Kurie unter Eugenius IV.; ab 1436 als scriptor litterarum apostolicarum. Nach feindlicher Stimmung gegen ihn unter Nikolaus V. Umzug nach Norditalien bis 1452, dann Aufenthalt am Königshof in Neapel; 1453 erneute Anstellung an der päpstlichen Kurie in Rom. Werk und Wirkung Obwohl B. aus bescheidenem Notarsmilieu kam und k…

Eigentlich Johannes Heidenberg/Zeller; auch Johannes Tritheim; dt. Humanist. Geb. am 1. 2. 1462 in Trittenheim (T. nannte sich selbst nach seinem Geburtsort Tritemius), gest. am 13. 12. 1516 in Würzburg. Studium in Trier und Heidelberg (ohne akad. Abschluss). 1482 Eintritt in das Benediktinerkloster Sponheim bei Bad Kreuznach, 1483 dort zum Abt gewählt. Nach unüberbrückbarem Dissens mit (einem Teil) der Mönchsgemeinschaft 1505 Suche nach einem neuen Standort, 1506 Wechsel in die Abtei St. Jakob in Würzburg; dort kurz nach seiner Ankunft zum Abt gewählt. Werk und Wirkung T. hi…

Beat Bild; dt. Humanist und Philologe. Geb. am 22. 8. 1485 in Schlettstadt (in eine Familie, die aus Rheinau stammte und den Namen Rhinower erhielt – daher seit der Pariser Studentenzeit der lat. Humanistenname Rhenanus), gest. am 20. 7. 1547 in Straßburg. 1503–1507 Studium an der Artes-Fakultät in Paris; Tätigkeit als Korrektor in den Offizinen u. a. von Henri Estienne (Henricus Stephanus) in Paris; ab 1508 erste Herausgebertätigkeit bei Matthias Schürer in Straßburg. 1511–1513 Studium des Grie…

Erasmus, Desiderius; niederl. Humanist, Theologe, Philosoph und Philologe. Geb. am 27/28. 10. 1466 (dies wohl das korrekte Geburtsjahr [29], eher als 1467 oder 1469) in Rotterdam, gest. am 11./12. 7. 1536 in Basel. Schulzeit 1478–1487 in Deventer (Kapitelschule von St. Lebuinus); ab 1484, nach dem Tod der Mutter, in ’s-Hertogenbosch (Schule der Brüder vom Gemeinsamen Leben); 1487–1488 Eintritt ins Kloster Stein bei Gouda, Profess als Augustiner-Chorherr; 25. 4. 1492 Priesterweihe; 1493 Ernennung…

Nicolaus/Nicolas Clenard(us); belg. Humanist, Theologe, Grammatiker und Orientalist. Geb. am 5.(?).12.1495 in Diest, gest. am 5. 11. 1542 in Granada. Studium der Theologie und der alten Sprachen in Löwen; 1521 Ernennung zum Präsidenten des (auch Kolleg von Houterlee genannten) Collegium Scholasticum ebda. Priesterweihe vermutlich auch um diese Zeit; in den 1520er Jahren Unterricht der griech. und hebr. Sprache an der dortigen Univ. 1531 Bibliothekar des Hernando Colón (Sohn des Columbus) in Sevi…