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, aḥmad b. ibrāhīm , Turkish poet of the end of the 8th/14th and the beginning of the 9th/15th century. The scanty information about his life is scattered in his works and in ted̲h̲kires . A ḳādī by profession, he began to gain prominence as a poet at the court of the Germiyān in Kütahya under princes Sulaymān and Yaʿḳūb II. He seems to have travelled a great deal in Anatolia and in the Balkans. During the chaotic years of struggle between the sons of Bāyezīd I after the battle of Ankara (804/1402), he entered the service of one of them, amīr Sulaymān in Edirne, whose court had become a gatheri…

, meḥmed emīn of Yenis̲h̲ehir, Turkish poet. Little is known of his life. He belonged to the ʿulamāʾ and served as ḳāḍī in various Balkan towns. He does not seem to have been appreciated by his contemporaries as most biographers do not mention his name. He died in 1174/1760 in Eski Zag̲h̲ra after a hard life, according to his writings. His small dīwān was printed in Istanbul in 1258/1842. His kaṣīdas are of mediocre quality. Some of his g̲h̲azals show a certain power of description, but his most original work is his four poems in tardjīʿband form: Kefs̲h̲gernāme , Ḥammāmnāme , Berbernāme , Ḵh̲ayy…

, ḥusayn (in modern Turkish huseyi̇n kâzim kadri̇ ), 1870-1934, Turkish writer and lexicographer. His father, Ḳadrī Bey, the son of the vizier Edhem Pas̲h̲a, was a civil ¶ servant and the unpopular but colourful governor of Trabzon for ten years (1892-1902) under ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II. After attending various schools, Ḥusayn Kāẓi̊m graduated from the English School of Commerce in Izmir. He taught in schools, briefly tried journalism after the promulgation of the Constitution of 1908 and later served as a governor in the provinc…

, Mehmed Fuad , until 1934 Köprülü-zāde Meḥmed Fuʾād (1890-1966), prominent Turkish scholar and the pioneer of Turkish studies in the modern sense in Turkey. Born in Istanbul, he was the son of Ismāʿīl Fāʾiz Bey, a civil servant, a descendant of the sister of the famous Ottoman grand vizier Köprülü Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.] who married Ḳi̊bleli Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, one-time vizier of Meḥemmed IV. His mother K̲h̲adīd̲j̲a K̲h̲āni̊m was the daughter of ʿĀrif Ḥikmet Efendi, a member of the ʿulamāʾ of Islimye in Rumeli (Sliven in present day Bulgaria). He was educ…

(Modern Turkish Leyla Saz 1850-1936), Turkish poetess and composer. She was born in Istanbul, the daughter of Dr. Ismāʿīl Pas̲h̲a (1812-71), originally a Greek from Chios, who served as imperial surgeon under Maḥmūd II and as governor, minister and Palace physician under ʿAbd al-Med̲j̲īd and ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. From early childhood, Laylā K̲h̲āni̊m frequently lived in the imperial harem or in close association with it. She was privately educated and was married to a civil servant f…

, ʿalāʾ al-dīn ʿalī (670/1272-733/1333). Turkish poet and mystic. The little which is known about his life is half legendary. Ḥusāyn Ḥusām al-Dīn, the only author who gives detailed information about his life and his family, does not mention his sources ( Amasya Taʾrīk̲h̲i I, 1327, II, 1332, III, 1927, IV, 1928). ʿĀs̲h̲i̊k Pas̲h̲a was the son of Bābā Muk̲h̲liṣ, whose father the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Bābā Ilyās migrated from Ḵh̲urāsān to Anatolia and founded the Bābāʾī sect. A disciple of his, Bābā Isḥāḳ, was the organiser of t…

(? -1847), Turkish poetess of the first half of the 19th century. Very little is ¶ known about her life. Born in Istanbul the daughter of the ḳāḍi-ʿasker Morali̊-zāde Ḥāmid Efendi, she was educated by private tutors, particularly by her maternal uncle ʿIzzet Mollā [ q.v.], whom she eulogised in an elegy. Her short-lived marriage and her gay and unscrupulous way of life gave rise to gossip about her being a lesbian. Her poems, not particularly original, are written in a comparatively simple and unadorned style avoiding the articialities and…

, ʿalī (1867-1922), Turkish writer, journalist and politician. His father Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Aḥmed Efendi had come as a young man from a village near Çankırı in Central Anatolia to the capital and had made a fortune as a wax-maker and had become the warden of his gild. ʿAlī Riḍā (as ʿAlī Kemāl was called until his student days, see below) was born in 1867 in the Süleymāniye district of Istanbul, to his father’s second (Circassian) wife and grew up in a traditional conservative family atmosphere. After attending the local schools, he entered the School of Political Science ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye …

(also ʿAlīs̲h̲ānzāde Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī , in modern Turkish Ismail Hakki Eldem ), 1871-1944, Turkish writer and diplomat. Educated in the Imperial School of Political Science ( Mülkiye ), he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and served as director of Consular Service and as consul general in Marseilles, Zurich and Munich. Soon after his retirement in 1923, he joined the staff of ʿAbd Allāh D̲j̲ewdet’s İd̲j̲tihād [see d̲j̲ewdet ] to which he contributed literary, social and economic articles regularly until 1932. He had married ʿAzīze Hanim,…

, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Fak̲h̲rī , modern Turkish Ziyaeddi̇n Fahri̇ Findikoğlu (1901-74) (he also occasionally used his original name Aḥmed K̲h̲alīl ), Turkish sociologist and writer. He was born in Tortum near Erzurum in Eastern Anatolia, and graduated from the School of Posts and Telegraph ( Posta-Telgraf mekteb-i ʿālīsi ) in 1922, and also from the Department of Philosophy of Istanbul University (1925). He taught philosophy and sociology in various schools in Erzurum, Sivas and Ankara, until in 1930 he went to France on a gove…

dede , Meḥmed Esʿad , also S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ G̲h̲ālib (1171/1757-1213/1799), Turkish poet, the last of the five great representatives of the dīwān literature (the others being Bāḳī, Fuḍūlī, Nefʿī and Nedīm [ qq.v.]). He was born in Istanbul at the Yenikapı Mewlewīk̲h̲āne, in 1171/1757, as is recorded in two famous chronograms: et̲h̲er-i ʿi̊s̲h̲ḳ and d̲j̲ezbet-ullāh . His father Muṣṭafa Res̲h̲īd, poet and scholar, belonged to a Mewlewī family, and exercised a decisive influence on G̲h̲ālib’s life and his choice of career. Of his mothe…

, later Pas̲h̲a (1851-1912), Ottoman Turkish soldier and playwright, chiefly famed as the collaborator during the years 1875-9 of his fellow-officer and friend, the author and dramatist Manāsti̊rli̊ Meḥmed Rifʿat [ q.v.], in the writing of some 16 plays, some translations from the French and some original, which were produced at the Gedik Pas̲h̲a Theatre in Istanbul (see manāsti̊rli̊ meḥmed rifʿat for full details). He was born at Sīmāw near Kütahya, the son of an army officer, was educated at the military school ( Iʿdādī ) in Damascus and then at the Istanbul War College ( Ḥarbiyye …

, Kečed̲j̲i-zāde (1200/1785-1245/1829) Turkish poet, born in Istanbul, the son of the ḳāḍīʿasker Meḥmed Ṣāliḥ. His family originated from Konya and took their surname from Süleymān Efendi, the imām of the Toprak Sokak mosque who made his living as a felt-maker ( kečed̲j̲i ). His son Muṣṭafā (d. 1181/1767) went to Istanbul for his education and became a ḳāḍī and trained his son Meḥmed Ṣāliḥ (the poet’s father) for the same profession. ʿIzzet was only fourteen when Ṣāliḥ Efendi died and his two brothers-in-law, the ḳāḍīʿasker Ḥāmid and the poet Esʿad, took ca…

, Bayburtlu , Turkish folk-poet, b. towards the end of the 12th/18th century in Bayburt. Educated in Erzurum and Trabzon, he spent ten years in Istanbul and later travelled in the provinces on minor governmental duties; he was for a short time in the service of Muṣṭafā Res̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a. He spent the last four years of his life in Trabzon and died in a village nearby while on his way to his home town (1275/1859). His background, somewhat different from that of the usual folk poet, led him to imitate classical poets, and he even composed a complete dīwān of traditional poetry in ʿarūḍ …

, Arabic term often translated by “satire”, but more precisely denoting a curse, an invective diatribe or insult in verse, an insulting poem, then an epigram, and finally a satire in prose or verse. The etymological sense of the Arabic root h.d̲j̲.w may perhaps be deduced from the Hebrew root the basic sense of which is “to utter a sound in a low voice, to murmur” and hence “to meditate” (so too in Syriac), but also “to pronounce incantations in a low voice” (see L. Koehler, Lexicon in Vet . Test . libros , 1949, 224; König, Hebräisches Wörterbuch , 75; Genesius, Lexicon, Leipzig 1833, 266; Jast…

(T. “village institutes”), a Turkish educational institution of 1940-54, founded to combat the high illiteracy in rural areas by training and equipping village boys and girls for the special requirements of each region and using them as teachers in distant or under-developed areas where city-born teachers have been reluctant to work. They were the brain-child of İsmail Hakki Tongue [ q.v.] a prominent educator, and were put into operation by Hasan Ali Yücel [ q.v.] the reformist Minister of Education (1938-46) under President İsmet İnönü [see ʿiṣmet pas̲h̲a i̇nönü in Suppl.]. From the…

(modern Turkish osman cemal kaygili), Turkish novelist, short story writer and humorous essayist (1890-1945). He was born in an Istanbul suburb outside the city walls, the son of a local grocer. He lost his parents at an early age and, after finishing the neighbourhood high school, he was trained as an army clerk and worked in various departments of the General Staff (1906-13). Following the assassination of the grand vizier Maḥmūd S̲h̲ewket Pas̲h̲a in June 1913, he was arrested together with many “…

, also known as K̲h̲ayālī Bey or K̲h̲ayālī Meḥmed Bey , nicknamed Bekār Memi as he was never married, Ottoman Turkish poet (d. 964/1556). He was born in Vardar Yenid̲j̲esi (modern Giannitsa), near Salonica in Macedonia. He did not go through the usual medrese training, but taught himself most of the knowledge expected in an educated man of his time, and began, as a very young man, to write poetry. The poets Uṣūlī and Ḥayretī were among his friends. According to ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳ Čelebi, his closest friend and whose Ted̲h̲kire is a main source for his biography, he cam…

(1851-1907), Ottoman Turkish officer, writer, poet and playwright of the younger Tanẓīmāt generation. Born in Monastir [see Manāsti̊r ], son of a regimental secretary, Res̲h̲īd Efendi, who had migrated from Athens and settled there, he attended the local military school and then was trained at the War College ( Mekteb-i Ḥarbiyye ) in Istanbul and graduated in 1872 as a staff captain. He and his class mate, a close friend (and future collaborator in many plays) Ḥasan Bedreddīn (Bedr al-Dīn) were both appointed teachers at th…

known as Fehīm-i Ḳadīm (?-1058/1648), Turkish poet, one of the most appreciated of the minor poets of the 17th century. According to scattered information found in various ted̲h̲kire s and in Ewliyā Čelebi, he was born in Istanbul, the son of an Egyptian pastrycook. Without a regular education or settled position, stricken by poverty he left Istanbul, joining the suite of Eyyūb Pas̲h̲a, governor of Egypt. Because of a colleague’s intrigue, he lost the favour of the Pas̲h̲a and decided to leave Egypt, …