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, Nad̲j̲m al-Dīn Ḥasan b. ʿAlā al-Sid̲j̲zī al-Dihlawī…

, Ḥāmid b. Faḍl Allāh of Dihlī (d. 942/1536), poet and Ṣūfī hagiographer. He travelled extensively throughout the Dār al-Islām f…

This term, commonly used in modern Arabic to mean a “society” or “association”, is derived from the root D̲J̲ - M - ʿ, meaning “to collect, join together, etc.”. In its modern sense it appears to have come into use quite recently, and was perhaps first used to refer to the organized monastic communities or congregations which appeared in the eastern Uniate Churches in Syria and Lebanon at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries ( e.g., D̲j̲amʿiyyat al-Muk̲h̲alliṣ , the Salvatorians, a Greek Catholic order founded c. 1708). In …

, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Alṭāf Ḥusayn , Urdū poet. His ancestor K̲h̲wādia Malik ʿAlī came to India in the reign of Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ and was appointed ḳāḍī of Pānīpat. Ḥālī was born at Pānīpat in 1837. His father died when he was nine years old; but in spite of the drawback in his early education he studied Arabic and Persian grammar and elementary logic in Dihlī, and in 1856 occupied a petty clerical post at Ḥiṣār. After the Mutiny in 1857 he remained unemployed for four years and during this period studied exegesis, tradition, philosophy, logi…

(a.), verbal noun of ḥakā , originally meaning “to imitate”, but which, in consequence of a readily explained semantic evolution, came to acquire the meaning of “to tell, to narrate”; similarly the noun ḥikāya , starting from the meaning of “imitation”, has come to mean more specifically “mimicry”, and finally “tale, narrative, story, legend”. In classical Arabic the intensive form ḥākiya meant a “mimic” and modern Arabic has adopted the active participle ḥāk in…

, Arabic term often translated by “satire”, but more precisely denoting a curse, an invective diatribe or insult in verse, an insulting poem, then an epigram, and finally a satire in prose or verse. The etymological sense of the Arabic root h.d̲j̲.w may perhaps be deduced from the Hebrew root the basic sense of which is “to utter a sound in a low voice, to murmur” and hence “to meditate” (so too in Syriac), but also “to pronounce incantations in a low voice” (see L. Koehler, Lexicon …

ibn Fatḥ Ḵh̲ān ibn Sulṭān Fīrūz S̲h̲āh Tug̲h̲luḳ [ q.v.] (790/1388-791/1389) succeded to his grandfather’s throne according to his will, superseding a number of relatives. This led to the internecine dynastic wars which led to the decline, and finally the overthrow of the Tug̲h̲luḳ dynasty. The Sultan’s inexperience, his love of pleasure and his tactlessness in imprisoning his own brother Sālār Ḵh̲ān led to the revolt of his nephew Abū Bakr son of Ẓafar Ḵh̲ān. who defeated and killed him with the aid of the wazīr Rukn al-Din Čanda. The reign of G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Tug̲h̲luḳ II marks the acceleration of chaos and civil strife in which the Delhi Sultanate rapidly disintegrated: a process which also marks the provincialization of Muslim culture in India during the 9th/15th century. (Aziz Ahmad) Bibliography Badāʾūnī, i, 257-8 (= Eng. tr. by Ranking, i, 341-2) Nizām al-Dīn Aḥmad, Tabaḳāt-i Akbarī, Bibl. Ind., Calcutta 1927, i, 241-2 (= Eng. tr. by B. De, Bibl. Ind., i, 261-2) Firis̲h̲ta (Briggs), i, 466-86 ʿAbd al-Bāḳī Nihāwandī, Maʾdt̲h̲ir-i Raḥīmī, i, 381-2 Sikandar ibn ¶ Muḥammad ‘Manjhū’, Mirʾat-i Sikandarī, ed. S. C. Misra and M. L. Raḥmān, Baroda 1961, 12 ʿAlī Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, Mirʾat-i Ahmadī, Calcutta 1928, i, 40.

(A.), “bravery”, “valour” (used nowadays together with ḥamās , to translate “enthusiasm”), is the title of a certain number of poetic anthologies which generally include brief extracts chosen for their literary value in the eyes of the anthologists and classified according to the genre to which they belong or the idea which they express; these works are related to a more general category, that of

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, founder of the “Sayyid” dynasty which ruled at Dihlī from 817/1414 to 855/1451. His designation as a sayyid is traced in the near-contemporary Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak S̲h̲āhī firstly to a remark hagiologically attributed to the Ṣūfī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī,…

(Divine Faith), the heresy promulgated by the Indian Mug̲h̲al emperor Akbar [ q.v.] in 989/1581. The heresy is related to earlier Alfī heretical movements in Indian Islam of the 10th/16th century, implying the need for the reorientation of faith at the end of the first millennium of the advent of the Prophet. Among its formative inspirations was Akbar’s reaction to the decadence and corruption of contemporary ʿulamāʾ , his eclecticism and religious tolerance, and the intellectual scepticism of his chief associate Abu ’l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī. Ethically, the Dīn-i Ilāhī …

, the name currently employed in Arabic for the Indian sub-continent. The current names in Persian were Hindūstān, Hindistān, “land of the Hindūs” [ q.v.], whence Ottoman Turkish Hindistān. The present article comprises the following sections: For Anglo-Muhammedan law, see s̲h̲arīʿa ; for political parties, see ḥizb ; for the development of the apparatus of modern government, see ḥukūma ; for the events leading to partition and for the history of Pakistan since independence, see pākistān . (Ed.) …

(790-1/1388-9), fils de Fatḥ Ḵh̲ān et petit-fils de Fīrūz S̲h̲āh Tug̲h̲luḳ, souverain de la dynastie des Tug̲h̲luḳides, succéda à son grand-père, selon la volonté exprimée par ce dernier, en supplantant un certain nombre de parents, ce qui provoqua des guerres dyn…

(a.), «bravoure», «vaillance» (employé de nos jours, en concurrence avec ḥamās pour traduire «enthousiasme»), est le titre d’un certain nombre d’anthologies poétiques qui renferment généralement de brefs extraits choisis pour leur valeur littéraire aux yeux des anthologues et classés selon le genre auquel ils se rattachent ou l’idée qu’ils expriment; ces ouvrages s’apparentent à une catégorie plus générale, celle des «thèmes poétiques», maʿānī l-s̲h̲iʿr [ q.v.], mais en diffèrent par l’effacement apparent de l’auteur qui s’abstient de toute comparaison et de …

, fondateur de la dynastie des «Sayyids» qui régna à Dihlī de 817 à 855/1414-51.Sa qualification de sayyid remonte, dans le Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak S̲h̲āhī qui est son proche contemporain, à une remarque hagiologiquement attribuée au Ṣūfī Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Buk̲h̲ārī et à son excellent caractère; elle a été admise par des historiens postérieurs tels que Niẓām al-dīn Aḥmad, Badāʾūnī et Firis̲h̲ta, mais…

(foi divine), hérésie promulguée par L’empereur mug̲h̲al de l’Inde Akbar [ q.v.] en 989/1581. L’hérésie s’apparente aux mouvements hérétiques alfis antérieurs apparus dans l’Islam indien au Xe/XVIe s. et reflétant le besoin d’une ré-orientation de la foi à la fin du premier millénaire de la venue du Prophète. Parmi les causes qui l’ont inspirée, on trouve la réaction d’Akbar contre la décadence et la corruption des ʿulamāʾ, son éclectisme et sa tolérance religieuse, ainsi que le scepticisme intellectuel de son principal associé, Abū l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī. Du point de vue éthique, le Dīn- i Ilāhī interdisait la sensualité, la co…

(a.), nom verbal de ḥakā signifiant à l’origine «imiter», mais qui en est arrivé, par suite d’une évolution sémantique explicable, à acquérir le sens de «raconter, narrer»; parallèlement, le substantif ḥikāya, à partir du sens d’«imitation», a pris celui, plus particulier, de «mimique», pour finalement signifier «conte», «récit», «histoire», «légende». En arabe classique, l’intensif ḥākiya désignait un «mime», et l’arabe moderne a adopté le participe actif ḥākin pour traduire «phonographe». Le radical h.k.y./w. n’est pas représenté dans le Ḳurʾān, mais on le relève dans le ḥadīt…

(G̲h̲āzī Malik), fondateur de la dynastie tug̲h̲luḳide et souverain de l’Inde de 720 à 725/1320-5. C’était un Turc Ḳarawna qui avait immigré du Ḵh̲urāsān et pris du service sous les Ḵh̲ald̲j̲is. En 706/1306, il fut nommé gouverneur de Dīpālpūr, au Pand̲j̲āb et, comme gardien des marches, il tint les Mongols aux abois pendant quinze ans, dirigeant contre eux des expéditions dans les régions de Kābul et de G̲h̲azna. Le prestige qu’il acquit ainsi fut son principal atout lorsqu’il se révolta contre Ḵh̲usraw Ḵh̲ān. général k̲h̲ald̲j̲i originaire de la caste inférieu…

(a.), réforme, réformisme. I. — Monde arabe. En arabe moderne, le terme iṣlāḥ recouvre l’idée générale de réforme (cf. RALA, XXI (1386/1966), 351, n° 15); dans la littérature islamique contemporaine, il désigne plus particulièrement le réformisme orthodoxe tel qu’il apparaît à travers l’enseignement doctrinal de Muḥammad ʿAbduh, dans les écrits de Ras̲h̲īd Riḍā, et chez les nombreux auteurs musulmans qui s’inspirent de ces deux maîtres et, comme eux, se réclament de la Salafiyya (voir ci-dessous). On examinera la question de l’ iṣlāḥ suivant ces grandes lignes: — A. Historiq…