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, “announcement”, a technical term for the call to the divine service of Friday and the five daily ṣalāts [see ṣalāt ]. According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet, soon after his arrival at Madīna (1 or 2 years after the ¶ Hid̲j̲ra), deliberated with his companions on the best manner of announcing to the faithful the hour of prayer. Some proposed that every time a fire should be kindled, a horn should be belown or nāḳūs (i.e. a long piece of wood clapped with another piece of wood; with such a nāḳūs the Christians in the East used at that time to announce the hour of prayer) should be…

(or bayd̲j̲ūrī ), ibrāhīm b. muḥāmmad , a S̲h̲āfiʿī scholar and author. Born in 1198/1783 in Bād̲j̲ūr, a village in the Manūfiyya province of Egypt (ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a Mubārak, al-Ḵh̲iṭaṭ al-Ḏj̲adīda , Būlāḳ 1306, ix, 2), he studied at al-Azhar, became a very successful teacher there, Rector ( s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Azhar ) in 1263/1846, and died in 1276/1860. The most popular items in his very extensive but wholly derivative literary production are: (1) a Risāla fī ʿIlm al-Tawḥīd ; (2) al-Mawāhib al-Laduniyya a commentary on the K. al-S̲h̲amāʾil of al-Tirmid̲h̲ī; (3) a g…

(a.), also farīḍa , literally “something which has been apportioned, or made obligatory”, and as a technical term, a religious duty or obligation, the omission of which will be punished and the performance of which will be rewarded. It is one of the so-called al-aḥkām al-k̲h̲amsa , the “five qualifications” by which every act of man is qualified in religious law [see aḥkām ]. A synonym is wād̲j̲ib . The Ḥanafī school makes a distinction between farḍ and wād̲j̲ib, applying the first term to those religious duties which are explicitly mentioned in the proof texts (Ḳurʾān and sunna …

(a.), plural of farīḍa [see farḍ ], literally “appointed or obligatory portions”, is the technical term for the fixed shares in an estate (½, ¼, ⅓, ⅛, ⅔ and 1/16) which are given to certain heirs, who are called d̲h̲awu ’l-farāʾiḍ or aṣḥāb al-farāʾiḍ , on the basis of Ḳurʾān, IV, 11-2 and 176. These Ḳurʾānic enactments aim at modifying a system of purely agnatic succession, under which only men can inherit, in favour of the nearest female relatives (including half-brothers on the mother’s side), the spouse, and also the father (who is protected against ¶ being excluded by existing male de…

, the state of so-called major ritual impurity. It is caused by marital intercourse, to which the religious law assimilates any effusio seminis. One who is in This state is called d̲j̲unub , and can only become ritually clean again by the so-called major ritual ablution ( g̲h̲usl [ q.v.]) or by the tayammum [ q.v.]. On the other hand, the law prescribes for a Muslim in the state of so-called minor impurity the minor ritual ablution ( wuḍūʾ [ q.v.]). The distinction is based on the wording of Ḳurʾān, V, 6. The d̲j̲unub cannot perform a valid ṣalāt he may not make a ṭawāf round…

(a.), “torment, suffering, affliction”, inflicted by God or a human ruler, and in so far as it expresses not only absolute power but also love of justice, also “punishment, chastisement ( ʿuḳūba )”. The divine judgments, which are often mentioned in the Ḳurʾān, strike the individual as well as whole nations in the life of this world as well as in the life to come. It is mainly unbelief, doubt of the divine mission of the prophets and apostles, rebellion against God, that are punished in this manner [see ʿād , firʿawn , lūṭ , nūḥ , t̲h̲amūd , and others]. With regard to …

is the name of a well-known difficult law-question about inheritance which belongs to the masāʾil mulaḳḳaba (i.e. questions “called by special names”). When a woman leaves behind as her heirs: 1. her husband, 2. her mother, 3. her grandfather, and 4. her sister (whether she be her s̲h̲aḳiḳa , i.e. her full sister, or her uk̲h̲t li ’l-ab, i.e. her half-sister on the father’s side), then her husband gets ½, the mother ⅓ (cf. Ḳurʾan, iv, 12-13), so that there would only remain 1/6 of the inheritance for the grandfather and the sister. The latter two are …

(a.), the second call to the ṣalāt which is pronounced by the muʾad̲h̲d̲h̲in in the mosque before each of the five prescribed daily ṣalāts as well as before the ṣalāt at the Friday service. This second call is given at the moment at which the ṣalāt begins. The formulae of the iḳāma are the same as those of the ad̲h̲ān . According to the Ḥanafīs, they are repeated as often as in the ad̲h̲ān; according to the other schools, they are pronounced only once with the exception of the words “God is great”, which are repeated twice at the beginning as well as at the end of the iḳāma. Moreover, after the formul…

(a.) is the name of the sacrifice on the seventh day after the birth of a child. According to religious law it is recommendable ( mustaḥabb or sunna ) on that day to give a name to the new-born child, to shave off its hair and to kill a victim, for a boy two rams or two he-goats, for a girl one of these according to the S̲h̲āfiʿites, but in both cases only one according to the Mālikites. If the offering of the ʿaḳīḳa has been neglected on the seventh day, it can be done afterwards, even by the child itself when it has come of age. The greater part of the …

, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn al-Ḥasan b. Manṣūr al-Farg̲h̲ānī . 6th/12th century Ḥanafī jurist (d. Ramaḍān 592/August 1196), a native of Transoxania, who wrote commentaries on those works of Muḥammad al-S̲h̲aybānī, Abū Ḥanīfa’s disciple, recognized as ẓāhir al-riwāya (authentic version). A few manuscript copies of his commentaries are extant, notably a S̲h̲arḥ al-D̲j̲āmiʿ al-ṣag̲h̲īr and a S̲h̲arḥ al-Ziyādāt in the Cairo National Library. Ḳāḍī K̲h̲ān’s fame rests on his Fatāwā , also called al-Fatāwā al-k̲h̲āniyya , not, as the name would seem to suggest, a…

1 (Atchin, Achin), the most northerly part of the island of Sumatra. Here flourished the once powerful Muslim empire of Atjèh, which is now a province of the Indonesian Republic. The southern limit was, under Dutch rule, formed by the residencies of Tapanuli and "Sumatra’s Oost-kust", now the province Sumatra Utara. In earlier times the province (or at least the sphere of political sovereignty) of Atjèh extended much farther towards the south. A considerable part of both the east and west coasts…