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K. (von lat. concordare, »Eintracht herstellen«) bezeichnet seit dem 15. Jh. eine Übereinkunft zwischen Papsttum oder kath. Bischofsamt und weltlicher Gewalt über eine res mixta (»gemeinsame Angelegenheit«). Entsprechend werden seit G. W. Leibniz rückblickend auch die den Inves…

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[German Version] (Jan 9, 1902, Barbastro – Jun 26, 1975, Rome), beatified, became a Catholic priest in 1925 and founded the society of Opus Dei in 1928. He remained its general president until his death and had much to do with the shaping of its characteristic profile. At the center of his work stood the notion of sanctification in everyday life and work, as well as the lay apost…

[German Version] According to Matt 2:1–12, μάγοι/ mágoi from the East came to the place of Jesus' birth in order to pay homage to the newborn king of the Jews. They appear to represent members of the Median-Persian caste of priests, whom the ancient world believed to be endowed with particular astronomical/astrological and prophetic skills. The account is reminiscent of a Midrash and makes use of elements borrowed from the Balaam tradition (Num 24). Pagan belief in Jesus as the Messiah pre-dated Israel's belief. From the three gifts of gold, incense, and myrrh, Origen ( Hom. Gen. 14.3) alr…

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[German Version] born Marie-Joséphine Élisabeth Catez (Jul 18, 1880, Avord – Nov 9, 1906, Dijon), beatified; entered the Carmelites of Dijon in 1901. A number of mystical experiences and the classical spirituality of her order shaped her piety, the chief content of which was vicarious self-sacrifice in seclusion and the mystical indwelling of the Trinity in the soul.…

[German Version] The feast of St. Crispin and St. Crispinian is observed on Oct 15. The veneration of their burial place is attested by a 6th-century church in Soissons, where (according to the legendary Passio) they suffered martyrdom during the reign of Diocletian, after having made shoes for the poo…

[German Version] Lourdes, Marian pilgrimage site in southern France. The roots of the pilgrimage are in alleged apparitions of Mary, beginning on Feb 11, 1858, to a poor 14-year-old miller's daughter, Bernadette Soubirous. In the first apparition, in the grotto of Massabielle she saw a girl wearing a white dress and veil, with a blue belt and yellow roses on her feet. The apparitions were repeated during the following three weeks; the silent apparitions ¶ were followed by a second phase, in which she was told to do penance on behalf of sinners. On Feb 25, at the direct…

[German Version] I. Originally – in accordance with its etymology – ultramontane described a nation or party on the other side of the Alps from the person using the term. Since the time of the Enlightenment, however, advocates of reform-oriented spirituality have used …

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[German Version] (Mar 24, 1797, Glade Valley, MD – Sep 12, 1860, Harrisburg, PA). Educated at Dickinson College (Carlisle, PA) he was ordained in the German Reformed Church in 1820. His revivalist sympathies (Revival/Revival move…

[German Version] (1210/1212, Monsagrati – 1278, Lucca). At the age of 12, Zita became a maid in the household of the Farinelli, which she managed superlatively until her death. Her supposedly incorrupt body became an object of veneration in San Frediano shortly after her death; her cult was approved by the local bishop and in 1696 by the papacy. She is the patron saint of servants and the city of Lucca; her vita dates from the 2nd half of the 14th century. Her feast day is Apr 27. Klaus Unterburger Bibliography Sources: ActaSS, April III, 1866, 499–527 MartRom 158f. BHL 2, 1302, no. 9019ff. On Zit…

[German Version] (Jan 6, 1821, Illkofen – Jun 14, 1893, Bad Kreuth) studied Catholic theology at Munich, became Privatdozent there in 1850, associate professor in 1854, and professor of philosophy in the philosophy faculty in 1855. Frohschammer worked towards the reconciliation of Christianity and modern science. In 1857, at the instigation of J. Kleutgen, Rome placed his “…

[German Version] Feast day Jun 15. Churches dedicated to St. Vitus (Patrocinia) are attested since the 6th century. A legendary 7th-century vita identifies him as a martyr during the persecution under Diocletian (Persecutions of Christians: I). The Sicilian youth, accompanied by his tutor Modestus and his foster mother Crescentia, fled to Lucania to escape his father, who wanted to force him to apostatize. After performing miracles, he was tortured by the emperor, including being placed in a kettle of boiling oil. H…

[German Version] Incorporating older motif-complexes, the Geneviève legend exists in four 15th- and 16th-century Latin versions and, since the 17th century, has been the popular material of numerous literary treatments. The early medieval countess palatine was falsely condemned for adultery and, along with her newborn child, banished into the wilderness until, having been found six years later by her husband on a hunt, she was able to prove her innocence. Klaus Unterburger Bib…

[German Version] (Feb 3, 1887, Schopfheim – Mar 17, 1944, Brandenburg), Catholic priest and Dr.theol. who became secretary general of the Catholic temperance movement in 1915, and co-founded the Weltfriedenswerk vom Heiligen Kreuz in 1917 (World peace ministry of the Holy Cross), as well as the Christkönigsgesellschaft in 1919/1927 (Christ the King society), which he was obliged to relocate from Graz to Me…

[German Version] According to the legendary Passio (c. 500), as a virgin consecrated to Christ she was put to death by the sword, after much torture, in Syracuse during the Diocletian persecution (Persecutions of Christians: I). Her supposed relics came to Metz in 970, whence her cult expanded (feast day Dec 13). The Lucia catacomb and the grave inscription of Euskia, signs of early cultic veneration, were discovered in Syracuse at the end of the 19th century. The figure of Lucia found its way into poetry, popular song, and popular piety. Klaus Unterburger Bibliography Sources: Martyrolog…

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[German Version] I. History, Process, Results 1. Annoucement and preparation. The idea of holding a general council for the church to assert its authority and its defensive stance against a modernity shaped by Enlightenment and revolution was first suggested to Pius IX during exile in Gaëta. The plan took shape after the pope – two days before the publication of the encyclical Quanta cura and the Syllabus on Dec 8, 1864, and in close connection with their condemnation of modern fallacies – carried out a first confidential consultation with the cardinals regarding the appropriateness of such a council and the issues that were to be…

1. EinleitungDas wechselseitige, aber nie symmetrische Gegenüber von K.u.S. im nzl. Europa ist das Ergebnis einer histor. Entwicklung, die einerseits an der politischen Ethik des NT (Röm 13; Offb 13) orientiert blieb, die aber andererseits tiefgreifende Veränderungen sowohl der kirchlichen als auch der staatlichen Institutionen, nämlich die Entstehung der nzl. Territorial- un…