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Ḥāfiẓ
(2,543 words)
, ( K̲h̲wād̲j̲a ) S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad S̲h̲īrāzī , Persian lyric poet and panegyrist, commonly considered the pre-eminent master of the
g̲h̲azal form. He was born in S̲h̲īrāz, probably in 726/1325-6, though Ḳāsim G̲h̲anī argues for 717/1317 and others favour 720/1320. With a few marked absences, he seems to have spent the greater part of his life in S̲h̲īrāz, for long moving in or near the court-circle of the Muẓaffarid dynasty. He is believed to have died in S̲h̲īrāz. in 792/1390 (or 791/1389), and his tomb is perhaps that city’s best known monument. Though credited with learned works ¶ …
Mat̲h̲al
(14,502 words)
(a., pl.
amt̲h̲āl ) proverb, popular saying, derives—similarly to Aram,
mat̲h̲lā , Hebr.
mās̲h̲āl and Ethiop.
mesl ,
mesālē —from the common Semitic root for “sameness, equality, likeness, equivalent” (cf. Akkad.
mas̲h̲ālum “equality”,
mis̲h̲lum “half”). In Arabic, to create a proverb is
fa-arsala(
t)
hā , or
d̲j̲aʿala (
t)
hu
mat̲h̲al an,
fa-ḍaraba (
t)
bihi ’l-mat̲h̲al a; to become proverbial is
ḍuriba bihi ’l-mat̲h̲alu ,
mat̲h̲al un
yuḍrabu fa-d̲h̲ahaba (
t), or
d̲j̲arā /
d̲j̲arat mat̲h̲al an, or, simply,
fa-ṣāra mat̲h̲al an. 1. In Arabic i. Definition ii. Arabic proverbs (1) Earlie…
Madīḥ, Madḥ
(10,231 words)
(a.), the normal technical terms in Arabic and other Islamic literatures for the genre of panegyric poetry, the individual poem being usually referred to as
umdūḥa (pl.
amādīḥ ) or
madīḥa (pl.
madāʾiḥ ). The author himself is called
mādiḥ or, as considered professionally,
maddāḥ . The root itself is sometimes used without technical connotations, as also are commonly the various other roots signifying "praise":
ḥ-m-d,
m-d̲j̲-d,
ḳ-r-ẓ,
t̲h̲-n-y,
ṭ-r-w/y, etc. 1. In Arabic literature. As both an independent unit and a component of the
ḳaṣīda [
q.v.], the genre has been so widespread …