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(a.), a technical term of philology, rhetoric and prosody. It means among philologists the use of two terms in which the form of one is changed to make it resemble that of the other. For example, in this ḥadīt̲h̲ (Ibn Mād̲j̲a, Sunan , Cairo 1313, ii, 246): ird̲j̲iʿna maʾzūrāt g̲h̲ayr maʾd̲j̲ūrāt , “return home laden with sin and not with rewards”, the word mawzūrāt from the root w-z-r has been changed into maʾzūrāt to give it the same form as maʾd̲j̲ūrāt . It is similar in the phrases (cf. LA, xix, 353): g̲h̲adiyyāt wa-ʿas̲h̲iyyāt , g̲h̲udayyānāt waʿus̲h̲ayyānāt , bi ’l-g̲h̲adāyā wa ’l-as̲h̲…

(i.e. descendant of ʿAbd al-Dār b. Ḳuṣayy, of the tribe of Ḳurays̲h̲), Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Saʿūd Abū Muḥammad , author of a book of travels bearing the title of al-Riḥla al-Mag̲h̲ribiyya . He was staying with the Ḥāḥā, near Mogador, when he started on his journey on 25 Ḏh̲u l-Ḳaʿda 688/11 Dec. 1289. The dates of his birth and death are not known: all biographical data are lacking, although he was always held in esteem as the learned author of the Riḥla . Ibn al-Ḳāḍī ( Ḏj̲ad̲h̲wat al-Iḳtibās , lith. Fez, 199; Durrat al-Ḥid̲j̲āl , i, 124) and al-Maḳḳarī, Analectes …

(a.), paronomasia, a play on words consisting in the “coupling” (root z-w-d̲j̲ ) of two terms which are similar in external form or in meaning and linked by the conjunction wa-. For example: ( bayna-hum) hard̲j̲ wa-mard̲j̲ “between them there are disagreements”, where the two elements have an independent existence; the same applies, in particular, to the formulas used to express totality: al-kabīr wa ’l-sag̲h̲īr , al-kat̲h̲īr wa ’l-ḳalīl , al-sahl wa ’l-waʿr etc., or additionally, expressions such as al-g̲h̲anīma wa ’l-iyāb “booty and return (safe and sound)”. Every writer concerne…

(a., pl. alg̲h̲āz ) “enigma”, muʿammā (pl. muʿammayāt ) “word puzzle, verbal charade”, uḥd̲j̲iyya (pl. aḥād̲j̲ in) “riddle, conundrum”, three Arabic terms often used in a figurative sense, but basically referring to three kinds of literary plays upon words which are fairly close in type to each other. The enigma is generally in verse, and characteristically is in an interrogative form. Thus for falak “heavenly firmament”: mā ʿadam un fi ’l-ḥaḳḳi , lākin tarā ‖ min-hū wud̲j̲ūd an ḥayt̲h̲umā staḳbalak ‖ [...] fa-in ḳaṭaʿnā raʾsahū fahwa lak …

, the twelfth metre in Arabic prosody, which is very rarely used. Theoretically each of its hemistichs consists of three feet ( mafāʿīlun fāʿilātun mafāʿīlun); in practice the third foot is lacking. It has one ʿarūḍ and one ḍarb only: mafāʿilun fāʿilātun: mafāʿīlun fāʿilātun. Mafāʿīlun however must become mafāʿīlu. The first mafāʿīlun may lose its ma; in that case the form is fāʿīlu (= mafʿūlu) and fāʿilu. (M. Bencheneb)

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Sulaymān b. Abī bakr al-D̲j̲azūlī al-Samlālī , ¶ although both his father’s name and, still more, his grandfather’s are in dispute, according to his biographers and associates was descended from the Prophet, like all founders of religious orders. He was born and bred in the Berber tribe of D̲j̲azūla in Moroccan Sūs [ q.v.]. After having studied for a time in his native country he went to Fās and entered the madrasat al-ṣaffārīn where one can still see the room he occupied. Hardly had he returned to his tribe when he was compel…

(French, Achir), ancient fortified town whose ruins lie S. E. of Medea on the Kāf ’l-ak̲h̲ḍar, on the south-eastern slope of the mountains of Tiṭeri, situated 0° 57′ E. Long. (Paris), 35° 55′ N. Lat. These ruins are built upon a rock, now called Banya or Manzah bint al-Sulṭân, which falls sheer away in high precipices, and has a surface of about 95 acres, and they are without doubt those of As̲h̲īr as it is described to us by the Arab historians and geographers. The town has an exceedingly picturesque site and obtains excellent water from two copious springs, now called ʿAin ¶ Banya and ʿAin Baḥ…

, Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Aḥmad b. Abī Bakr al-Ḳuḍāʿī , historian, traditionist, littérateur, and poet, belonged to a family which had its origin in Onda, the patrimony of the Ḳuḍāʾīs of Spain; he was born in Rabīʿ II 595/February 1199 at Valencia, where he passed his youth studying under the direction of several teachers whom he quotes in his Muʿd̲j̲am . For more than twenty years he was the disciple of the most learned traditionist in Spain, Abu ’l-Rabīʿ b. Sālim, who persuaded him to complete the Ṣila of Ibn B…

Abū Mūsā ʿĪsā b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Yalalbak̲h̲t b. ʿĪsā b. Yūmarīlī , a member of the Berber tribe of D̲j̲azūla, a section of the Yazdakten in southern Morocco, is chiefly known for his short Introduction to the study of Arabic grammar, Muḳaddima , entitled al-Ḳānūn . After studying at Marrākus̲h̲ he went to the East to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. In Cairo he attended classes given by the celebrated lexicologist Abu Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī; and some have even said that the Introduction merely reproduces his teacher’s lectures on al-Ḏj̲umal by al-Zad…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ribāṭī , Moroccan scholar born in Taza in about 660/1261-2, died in the same town in about 731/1331. Deeply versed in the Islamic sciences, Ibn Barrī owes his renown to an urd̲j̲ūza of 242 verses, al-Durar al-lawāmiʿ fī aṣl maḳrāʾ al-imām Nāfiʿ , completed in 697/1298 and dealing with the “reading” of Nāfiʿ [ q.v.]; this work, published several times in Cairo and Tunis in collections of treatises of Ḳurʾānic orthoepy and orthography, enjoyed a very great vogue in North Africa. From the same author has survived another urd̲j̲ūza of 30 …

, the name of two Ibāḍī [see ibāḍiyya ] scholars and jurisconsults from the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa [ q.v.] in Tripolitania. 1. Abū ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Abī ʿUt̲h̲mān Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, especially famed as a biographer, died in D̲j̲umādā 928/April-May 1522 in one of the villages of the oasis of the Ifren of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa, in Tripolitania. Among his pupils was Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyāʾ b. Ibrāhīm al-Hawwārī. He was the author of the following works: 1. A commentary on the ʿAḳīda , a short treatise on theology by Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. D̲j̲amīʿ al-Nafūsī; 2. A commentary on his synopsis of the K. al-ʿAdl wa…

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-K̲h̲awlānī . an Andalusian poet who lived among the entourage of the early ʿAbbādids [ q.v.] of Seville and died in 433/1041-2. Of his Dīwān only a few poems survive, in particular a panegyric of Ismāʿīl Ibn ʿAbbād, some occasional verse and some descriptions; floral poems seem to have occupied a leading part in his work, which drew its inspiration from the life of the Andalusian aristocracy of the time: wine, pleasures, country-walks, women— these for the most part are his favourite subjects, and an element of sensuality is visible in his poems. His ¶ tech…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Azdī , a versatile Moroccan scholar whose reputation rests mainly on his knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, astrology and occult sciences. Born in Marrākus̲h̲ on 9 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 654/29 December 1256, he studied the traditional sciences—Arabic language, grammar, the Ḳurʾān, ḥadīt̲h̲ and fiḳh— in his native town, where he was initiated into mathematics and medicine by masters whose identification is still in dispute, though he is known to have attached himself to the saint of Ag̲h̲māt [ q.v.], Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-H…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim K̲h̲alaf b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Masʿūd b. Mūsā, b. Bas̲h̲kuwāl b. yūsuf b. Dāḥa b. Dāḳa b. Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Wāḳid al-Anṣārī , an Andalusian scholar of Spanish origin, as his name “son of Pascual” indicates, was a native of Sorrión, an unknown village of the vega of Valencia, which is not to be confused with Sarrión in the province of Teruel. He was born in Cordova on 3 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 949/29 September noi and died there on the night of Tuesday-Wednesday 8 Ramaḍān 578/4-5 Janu…

, Yūsuf b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-D̲j̲awād b. K̲h̲iḍr, an 11th/17th-century Egyptian author best known for a work with the punning title of Hazz al-ḳuḥūf bi-s̲h̲arḥ ḳaṣīd Abī S̲h̲ādūf , “The shaking of skull-caps (or: the stirring of yokels) in commenting the poem of Abū S̲h̲ādūf.” It mentions that he went on Pilgrimage in 1075/1664-5, that the work was undertaken at the behest of the Imām Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Sandūbī, and that among his teachers was S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Salāma al-Ḳalyūbī (d. 1069/1659). The work is in two parts. The first abounds in anecdotes, often more s…

, Abū Naṣr al-Ḳaysī al-Is̲h̲bīlī , an Andalusian anthologist whose history is somewhat obscure. We do, however, know that he studied seriously under well-known teachers and that he led an adventurous life, travelling through much of Muslim Spain and enjoying to the full pleasures strictly forbidden by the laws of Islam. Despite this, he obtained a position as secretary to the governor of Granada, Abū Yūsuf Tās̲h̲fīn b. ʿAlī, but did not keep it and went to Marrākus̲h̲ where, at …

(a.),terme technique de philologie, de rhétorique et de métrique. Il désigne, chez les philologues, l’emploi de deux termes dans lesquels on change la forme de l’un d’eux pour la rendre semblable à celle de l’autre. Ainsi, dans ce ḥadīt̲h̲ (Ibn Mād̲j̲a, Sunan, Caire 1313, II, 246): Ird̲j̲iʿna maʾzūrāt g̲h̲ayr maʾd̲j̲ūrāt «Retournez chez vous chargées de péchés et non de récompenses», le mot mawzūrāt de la racine w.z.r a été changé en maʾzūrāt pour lui donner la même forme que maʾd̲j̲ūrāt. Il en est de même des locutions (cf. LA, XIX, 353): g̲h̲adiyyāt wa-ʿas̲h̲ayyāt, g̲h̲udayyānāt wa-…

, nom d’un des sept genres poétiques ( fann, pi. funūn) postclassiques, les six autres étant la silsila, le dūbayt ou rubāʿī, le muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥ, le ḳūmā, le mawāliyā et le zad̲j̲al [ q.vv.]. Inventé par les Bag̲h̲dādiens, il tire son nom de la formule employée par les conteurs au début de leurs récits: «il y avait et il y avait»; à l’origine, en effet, le kān wa-kān n’était qu’un conte rimé, et il ne fut appliqué que plus tard à divers sujets, de caractère moral, sapiential ou didactique en particulier. Toujours en arabe dialectal, il ne fut en vogue qu’en Orient et surtout à Bag̲h̲dād. La pièce de kā…

(pi. alg̲h̲āz) «énigme», Muʿammā (pl. muʿammayāt) «logogriphe, charade», Uḥd̲j̲iyya (pi. aḥād̲j̲ in) «devinette», trois termes arabes souvent employés avec un sens figuré, mais désignant fondamentalement trois jeux littéraires assez voisins l’un de l’autre. L’énigme, généralement en vers, est caractérisée par sa forme interrogative. Exemple pour falak «firmament»: māʿadamun fī l-ḥaḳḳi, lākin tarā // min-hū wud̲j̲ūdan ḥayt̲h̲umā stakbalak // […] fa-in ḳaṭaʿnā raʾsahū fahwa lak « Quelle est la chose inexistante en réalité, mais à laquelle tu vois une existenc…

, nom de deux savants jurisconsultes ibāḍite. 1. Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Abī ʿUt̲h̲mān Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, mort en d̲j̲umādā I 928/1 avril 1522) dans un des villages de l’oasis des Ifren du Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, en Tripolitaine. Parmi ses disciples, on cite Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyāʾ b. Ibrāhīm al-Hawwārī. Il est l’auteur des ouvrages suivants : 1. Commentaire de la ʿAḳīda, petit traité de théologie d’Abū Ḥafṣ ʿOmar b. Ḏj̲amīʿ al-Nafūsī; 2. Commentaire de son Abrégé du K. al-ʿadl wa-l-inṣāf sur les sources du droit, d’Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm al-Sadrātī; 3. K. al-siyar, recueil biographique, a…

( ḳawmā), nom de l’un des sept genres poétiques post-classiques [voir Kān wa-kān]. Inventé par les Bag̲h̲dādiens. il est en relation avec le saḥūr, c’est-à-dire la dernière partie de la nuit où, pendant le ramaḍān, il est encore permis de manger et de boire, et le repas pris à ce moment-là, et il tire son nom de l’expression ḳūmā li-l-saḥūr que les chanteurs ajoutaient alors après chaque strophe d’un ramal ou d’un zad̲j̲al à la louange du maître de maison. Contrairement à ce que l’on pense généralement, il semble bien que ḳūmā ne soit pas le duel de l’impératif «levez-vous tous deux»,…

(a.), «paronomase», fait d’expressivité consistant dans l’«accouplement» (rad. z.w.d̲j̲) de deux termes proches l’un de l’autre par la forme extérieure ou la signification et liés par la conjonction wa. Par exemple: ( bayna-hum) hard̲j̲ wa-mard̲j̲ «il y a entre eux des dissensions», où les deux éléments ont une existence indépendante; il en est de même, en particulier, des formules utilisées pour exprimer la totalité: al-kabīr wa-l-ṣag̲h̲īr, al-kat̲h̲īr wa-l-ḳalīl, al-sahl wa-l-waʿr, etc., ou encore, des locutions telles qu’ al-g̲h̲anīma wa-liyāb «le butin et le retour [s…

, Yūsuf b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲awād b. Ḵh̲iḍr, homme de lettres égyptien du XIe/XVIIe siècle, auteur d’un ouvrage intitulé Hazz al-ḳuḥūf bi-s̲h̲arḥ ḳaṣīd Abī S̲h̲ādūf: «Le hochement des crânes (ou: L’agitation des rustres) dans le commentaire du poème d’Abū S̲h̲ādūf». Aucun biographe ne lui a consacré de notice. Al-S̲h̲irbīnī nous apprend lui-même qu’en 1075/1664-5 il parcourait les chemins du Ṣaʿīd à al-Ḳuṣayr, sur la Mer Rouge. Il cite parmi ses maîtres S̲h̲ihāb al-dīn Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Salāma al-Ḳalyūbī (m. fin s̲h̲awwāl 1069/juillet 1659), et Aḥmad b. ʿA…