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Eudorus

(435 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster)
(Εὔδωρος; Eúdōros). [German version] [1] One of the five leaders of the Myrmidons under Achilles One of the five leaders of the  Myrmidons under Achilles. A son of Hermes and  Polymele, he was brought up by his grandfather Phylas after Polymele later married the Actorid Echecles. His aptitude for fighting, being a fast runner, is strongly emphasized (Hom. Il. 16,179-186) but apart from this, the Iliad is silent on his fate. Eust. Od. 1697,56 reports of his death at the hands of Pyraechmes at the first clash with the Trojans (cf. also Eust. Od. 1053,54). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography R. Jan…

Demiourgos

(1,214 words)

Author(s): Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster)
[German version] [1] Poet of epigrams of unknown dating Epigram poet of an unknown period (with a peculiar, otherwise undocumented name), author of an insignificant distich on Hesiod (Anth. Pal. 7,52). Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 38. [German version] [2] Union of craftsmen and officials Dēmiourgoí (δημιουργοί, ‘public workers’) were occupied with public matters at various levels, depending on time and place. 1. In the Linear B tablets from Pylos dḗmos is found but not demiourgoi; it has been suggested [2] but not universally accepted that in the Mycenaean world demiourgoi…

Demiurgos

(1,202 words)

Author(s): Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster)
[English version] [1] Epigrammdichter Epigrammdichter aus unbekannter Zeit (mit einem merkwürdigen Namen, der sonst nicht belegt ist), Verf. eines unbedeutenden Distichons über Hesiod (Anth. Pal. 7,52). Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 38. [English version] [2] Gremien von Handwerkern und Beamten Dēmiurgoí (δημιουργοί, “öffentliche Arbeiter”) sind je nach Zeit und Ort auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen für öffentliche Belange tätig. 1. In den Linear B-Tafeln findet sich zwar dḗmos, aber nicht d.; es wurde vermutet (von [2]), aber nicht allg. anerkannt, daß in der myk. Welt d.…

Dämonologie

(1,898 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Johnston, Sarah Iles (Princeton) | Habermehl, Peter (Berlin)
[English version] A. Definition D. ist die philos. Lehre von den daímones (Dämonen), den Zwischenwesen zwischen Göttern und Menschen, die im Anschluß an die Problematik des Sokratischen daimónion (δαιμόνιον) zuerst systematisch in der Platonischen Akademie entwickelt wurde. Baltes, Matthias (Münster) [English version] B. Vorplatonisch Es ist nicht möglich, eine systematische vorplatonische D. zu rekonstruieren, obwohl spätere Philosophen, wie z.B. Aetius (1,8,2), Aristoxenus (fr. 34), Aristoteles (fr. 192 Rose) und Plutarch (Is. 360e) gla…

Eudoros

(390 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Princeton) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster)
(Εὔδωρος). [English version] [1] einer der fünf Anführer der Myrmidonen unter Achilleus Einer der fünf Anführer der Myrmidonen unter Achilleus. Sohn von Hermes und Polymele, er wird - als diese später den Aktoriden Echekles heiratet - von seinem Großvater Phylas erzogen. Seine Eignung zum Kampf als schneller Läufer wird zwar stark betont (Hom. Il. 16,179-186), von seinem weiteren Schicksal aber schweigt die Ilias. Eust. Od. 1697,56 berichtet von seinem Tod durch Pyraichmes beim ersten Zusammenstoß mit den Troern (vgl. auch Eust. Od. 1053,54). Bloch, René (Princeton) Bibliography R…

Origenes

(1,242 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Markschies, Christoph (Heidelberg)
(Ὠριγένης). [English version] [1] platon. Philosoph, 3. Jh. Platonischer Philosoph des 3. Jh.n.Chr., nicht gleichzusetzen mit dem gleichnamigen Christen O. [2] [1. 17ff.; 2. 404ff.]. Zusammen mit Erennios und Plotinos war er Schüler des Ammonios [9] Sakkas. O. verfaßte zwei Schriften: ‘Über die Dämonen und ‘Alleiniger Schöpfer ist der König (Ὅτι μόνος ποιητὴς ὁ βασιλεύς, fr. 1 und 2 Weber) [3. 92, 336f.]. Proklos überliefert zahlreiche Äußerungen zu stilkritischen und inhaltlichen Fragen zum Proömium de…

Hierax

(335 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ἱέραξ; Hiérax). [German version] [1] H. of Antiochia, strategos of Ptolemy VI after 146 BC H. of Antiochia, deserted Demetrius [7] I for Alexander [13] Balas (Diod. Sic. 33,3), and then deserted him in 146 BC for Ptolemy VI, whom he had proclaimed king by the Antiochenes (Diod. Sic. 32,9 c). He had a high position at the court and, as strategos (?) of Ptolemy VIII, he foiled the uprising of  Galestes, but then was eliminated by the king (Diod. Sic. 33,22; FGrH 87 F 4). PP 1/8,264; 2, 2163; 6, 17012. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Commander in chief of Ptolemy IX in 88 BC Sent by Ptolemy…

Timaeus

(1,738 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Eder, Walter (Berlin) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) | Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne)
(Τίμαιος; Tímaios). [German version] [1] Main speaker in Plato's [1] Timaeus T. of Locri [2] Epizephyrii in southern Italy (Τίμαιος Λοκρός/ Tímaios Lokrós), the main speaker in Plato's [1] Timaeus, was in Antiquity regarded as a Pythagorean [1.83-85]. The Suda s.v. T. (IV p. 553,26f. Adler) and the scholia to Pl. Tim. 20 A Greene report that he wrote on mathematical problems, on nature and on the life of Pythagoras [2] (μαθηματικά, περὶ φύσεως, περὶ τοῦ Πυθαγόρου βίου/ M athēmatiká, Perì phýseōs, Perì toû Pythagórou bíou) [1.85]. One treatise, in the Doric dialect [2.11-19], ent…

Democritus

(1,541 words)

Author(s): Bodnár, István (Budapest) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna)
(Δημόκριτος; Dēmókritos). [1] of Abdera Atomist philosopher, 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC [German version] A. Life and Writing D. was active in the 2nd half of the 5th cent. and one of the main representatives of ancient  Atomism, which he adopted from  Leucippus. Their respective contributions to the theory of the atom are difficult to differentiate. It is characteristic in this context that the ‘Great World Order’ (Μέγας διάκοσμος; Mégas diákosmos) listed in an index of D.'s writings (by Diog. Laert. 9,45 = 68A33 DK) was a treatise by Leucippus according to Theoph…

Harpocration

(789 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Tosi, Renzo (Bologna) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Ἁρποκρατίων; Harpokratíōn). [German version] [1] Platonic philosopher from Argos Platonic philosopher from Argos, 2nd cent. AD, pupil of  Atticus, called ‘top Platonist’ (Πλατωνικῶν κορυφαῖος; Platōnikôn koryphaîos) by Proclus [1. 18]. Important was his commentary on Plato (24 bks.) [1. 28, 152, 180ff., 191, 194, 197, 206, 216f.] and his lexicon on Plato (2 bks.) [1. 28, 235]. Just as Atticus and Plutarch, H. supported the idea of the world's origin in a single (temporal) act, but, in his understanding of the  Demiour…

Aelianus

(806 words)

Author(s): Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle) | Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster)
[German version] [1] Greek military author Greek military author, wrote the τακτικὰ Αἰλιανοῦ; Taktikà Ailianoû, a textbook addressed to Trajan, in which the tactics and structure of the Greek and specifically the Macedonian armies of the classical and Hellenistic eras are explained. A. was a theoretician without any practical experience and it is for this reason that his work appears mechanical. By his own admission (1,2), he drew on the work of many older authors (Aeneas Tacticus, Pyrrhus of Epirus, Posidoni…

Longinus

(1,149 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
Roman cognomen (greek Λογγῖνος; Longînos), derived from longus (‘tall’), in the Republican period in the family of the Cassii (Cassius [I 6-17; II 14-16]), in the Imperial period attested in numerous other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [1] Cassius Longinus Grammarian, Rhetor and platonic philosopher, c. AD 210-272/3 [German version] A. Life A Greek grammarian, rhetor and Platonic philosopher ( c. AD 210-272/3), who was an outstanding representative of the education and culture of his time and was therefore called a ‘living library and walking u…

Albinus

(861 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) | Zanoncelli, Luisa (Milan)
Cognomen of the Clodii, Decii, Iunii, Lucceii, Mummii, Pescennii, Postumii (fictitious name in Mart. 4,37,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] Of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD (Ἀλβῖνος; Albînos) of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD, who was counted among the ‘top Platonists’ by Proclus [2. 18; see 2. 20]. A student of the Platonist  Gaius, he taught in Smyrna in AD 150, where he was heard by the physician Galen (Gal., Scripta minora 2,97,8 ff. Mueller). A. wrote commentaries on Plato's Timaeus, ‘Republic’ and Phaedo [2. 18, 50, 15…

Demokritos

(1,579 words)

Author(s): Bodnár, István (Budapest) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna)
(Δημόκριτος). [1] von Abdera Philosoph, Atomist, 2. H. 5. Jh. v. Chr. [English version] A. Leben und Schriften D. wirkte in der 2. H. des 5. Jh. und war einer der Hauptvertreter des antiken Atomismus, den er von Leukippos übernommen hatte. Die jeweiligen Beiträge der beiden Philosophen zur Atomtheorie sind nur schwer auseinanderzuhalten. Bezeichnend ist in diesem Zusammenhang, daß die im Verzeichnis von D.' Schriften (bei Diog. Laert. 9,45 = 68A33 DK) aufgelistete ‘Große Weltordnung’ (Μέγας διάκοσμος) Theophrast …

Ailianos

(741 words)

Author(s): Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basel) | Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster)
[English version] [1] griech. Militärschriftsteller Griech. Militärschriftsteller, verfaßte die τακτικά Αἰλιανοῦ, ein an Traian adressiertes Lehrbuch, in dem Taktik und Aufbau der griech. und bes. maked. Heere der klass. und hell. Zeit erklärt werden. A. war ein Theoretiker ohne praktische Erfahrung, sein Werk wirkt daher schematisch. Er zog laut eigener Aussage (1,2) viele ältere Autoren (Aineias Taktikos, Pyrrhos von Epirus, Poseidonios) zu Rate, hauptsächlich offenbar Polybios. Seine Schrift wurde…

Hierax

(314 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ἱέραξ). [English version] [1] H. aus Antiocheia, Stratege Ptolemaios' VI. nach 146 v. Chr. H. aus Antiocheia, fiel von Demetrios [7] I. zu Alexandros [13] Balas ab (Diod. 33,3), von diesem 146 v.Chr. zu Ptolemaios VI., den er durch die Antiochener zum König ausrufen ließ (Diod. 32,9 c). Er hatte eine hohe Stellung am Hof und vereitelte als Stratege (?) Ptolemaios' VIII. den Aufstand des Galestes; wurde dann vom König beseitigt (Diod. 33,22; FGrH 87 F 4). PP 1/8,264; 2, 2163; 6, 17012. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [English version] [2] Befehlshaber Ptolemaios' IX. 88 v. Chr. 88 v.Chr. als Oberb…

Harpokration

(763 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Tosi, Renzo (Bologna) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Ἁρποκρατίων). [English version] [1] platon. Philosoph aus Argos, 2. Jh. Platonischer Philosoph aus Argos, 2. Jh. n.Chr., Schüler des Attikos, von Proklos ‘Spitzenplatoniker’ (Πλατωνικῶν κορυφαῖος) genannt [1. 18]. Bedeutend waren sein Komm. zu Platon (24 B.) [1. 28, 152, 180ff., 191, 194, 197, 206, 216f.], und sein Platon-Lex. (2 B.) [1. 28, 235]. H. vertrat wie Attikos und Plutarch ein Entstehen der Welt in einem einmaligen (zeitlichen) Akt, lehnte sich aber in seiner Auffassung vom Demiurgos [3] und de…

Severus

(1,402 words)

Author(s): Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Holzhausen, Jens (Bamberg) | Brock, Sebastian P. (Oxford) | Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Σευῆρος; Seuêros). [German version] [1] Platonist, 2nd cent.? Platonist, probably 2nd cent. AD. He wrote a monograph On the soul [1. 80, 299; 2. 409-13, 428 f., 435 f.] and a commentary on Plato’s Timaeus [1. 52, 217 f.; 2. 407-9]. He appears in these works to be an original-minded, somewhat stoicizing interpreter of Aristotle’s doctrine of categories [1. 259; 2. 413 f.; 3. 66, 288 f.], and of Plato’s theories of the soul [1. 299; 3. 56, 278 f.] and of the origin of the world [4. 116-18, 417-21]. His works …

Nicostratus

(1,042 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Et al.
(Νικόστρατος; Nikóstratos). [German version] [1] Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen [1]. According to  Hom. Il. 3,175 and Hom. Od. 4,12, Menelaus and Helen had only a daughter (Hermione, cf. Eur. Andr. 898; Lycoph. 851), but in another tradition they also had a son (Hes. Fr. 175,2 M.-W.; Soph. El. 539). Later authors tried to resolve this discrepancy by making N. the son of a slave (Paus. 2,18,6). In Amyclae, N. and Megapenthes [2] were portrayed on horseback, as a counterpart to t…

Plutarchus

(7,856 words)

Author(s): Cobet, Justus (Essen) | Pelling, C. B. R. (Oxford) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Harmon, Roger (Basle) | Et al.
(Πλούταρχος/ Ploútarchos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Eretria, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Eretria [1]. As the guest-friend of Meidias [2], the rich opponent of Demosthenes (Dem. Or. 21,110; 21,200), he turned to Athens for help in 349 BC when the exiled Cleitarchus [1] and Callias [9] of Chalcis, supported by Phalaecus of Phocis and Philippus [4] II, threatened his position (Aeschin. In Ctes. 86-88 with schol.). Phocion led the inglorious and expensive expedition in early 348 BC (Dem. Or. 5,5 with schol.; …
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