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Theodorus
(7,286 words)
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος;
Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker (
toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hippostratus
(186 words)
(Ἱππόστρατος;
Hippóstratos). [German version] [1] Seducer of Periboea Son of Amarynceus who seduced Periboea, daughter of Hipponous (Apollod. 1,74; Hes. fr. 12 M-W). Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) [German version] [2] Neph…
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Zoilus
(701 words)
(Ζωίλος/
Zōílos). [German version] [1] Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC; active in the area of historiography [1], rhetoric [3] and philology; pupil of Polycrates [3], teacher of Anaximenes [2] from Lampsacus and Demosthenes [2]. However, Z. owes his fame to his criticism of Homerus [1] in his work Κατὰ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως/
Katà tês Homērou poiḗseōs ('Against Homer's verse'; 9 books; fragments in [2]) which earned him the epithet Ὁμηρομάστιξ (
Homēromástix, 'Scourge of Homer'). Motivated by the Cynic approach, Z. endeav…
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Laodice
(2,285 words)
(Λαοδίκη;
Laodíkē). I. Mythology [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Priamus and Hecuba Daughter of Priamus and Hecabe; her husbands are given as Helicaon (Hom. Il. 3,122-124; 6,252), through whom she was spared enslavement after the fall of Troy (Paus. 10,26,3), or Acamas (Parthenius 16 MythGr), Demophon [2] (Plut. Thes. 34,2) or Telephus (Hyg. Fab. 101). According to Apollodorus (Epit. 5,25), after the fall of Troy she was swallowed up by a cleft in the earth (cf. also Lycoph. 316f.; Tryphiodorus 660f.). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [I 2] Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, who is mentioned in the early sources (Hom. Il. 9,145) along with Chrysothemis [2] and Iphianassa [2]. Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [I 3] Daughter of Agapenor Daughter of Agapenor, who founded a temple to Aphrodite of Paphos in Tegea (Paus. 8,5,2f.; 8,53,7). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) Bibliography N. Icard-Gianolo, s.v. L. (2), LIMC 6.1, 192 W. Kroll, s.v. L. (1)-(3), RE 12, 699f. W. Kullmann, Die Töchter Agamemnons in …
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Orthura
(82 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Ὄρθουρα/
Órthoura). City in the interior of the Soringi in Southern India, residence of King Sornas (Ptol. 7,1,91); probably the Greek form of Uraiyūr, capitol of the Choḷā empire on the Kāveri River, with the port of Chaberis at the mouth of the river.…
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Ganges
(224 words)
[German version] (Γάγγης;
Gángēs, Sanskrit
Gaṅga). The largest river in India, known to the west (Arr. Anab. 5,4,1; 5,6,7; 5,9,4; 5,26,1; Curt. 8,9,5, et passim) since Alexander's campaign ( Alexander [4], with map), if not already in Ktesias (in Plin. HN 37,39). Its length was measured in the early Hellenistic period and calculated to be 10,000
stadia (Str. 15,689). According to Str. 15,719 its source lay in the
Ēmōdá órē (Himalaya). The G. is mentioned several times by Ptolemy (7,1,29; 30; 42; 51 Nobbe, et passim), its delta described as having five arms (7,1,18), and also the
Gangētikós…
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Peucelaotis
(176 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Πευκελαῶτις/
Peukelaôtis: Arr. Anab. 4,22,7-8,28,6; also Πευκελαῖτις/
Peukelaîtis: Arr. Ind. 1,8; 4,11; Πευκελαῖτις/
Peukelaîtis: Str. 15,1,27; also e.g. Προκλαίς/
Proklaís: Ptol. Geog. 7,1,44; Ποκλαίς/
Poklaís: Peripl. m. Eux. 47f.). City in Gandhāra (in modern Pakistan, west of the Indus; Gandaritis), Old Indian Puṣkalavatī, Middle Indian Pukkhalāvatī, Greek form probably influenced by names with
Peuko- (
Peukolaos,
Peukésta…
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Kanishka
(77 words)
[German version] (Kaniṣka). Most prominent ruler of the Indo-Scythians; exact date controversial, begin of his reign approximately AD 100. His empire stretched from Bactria and Sogdiana to the heartland of India, with Bactra, Surkh Kotal, Taxila and Mathurā as important centres. K. maintained relations with Rome and probably used - apart from Indian and Iranian titles - the Greek title
…
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Ozene
(80 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Ὀζήνη/
Ozḗnē). Indian city in the interior of the country east of Barygaza, a fo…
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Nicaea
(1,521 words)
(Νίκαια;
Níkaia). [German version] [1] Naiad Naiad, daughter of the Phrygian river god Sangarius and the goddess Cybele. As a huntress, N. spurns love and remains a virgin. In Memnon of Heracleia, she does not yield to Dionysus and so he resorts to a ruse and turns into wine the spring from which N. is accustomed to drinking. She becomes drunk and falls asleep. Dionysus overpowers her in her sleep and fathers with her 'satyrs and others' (Memnon FGrH 434 F 41, 8f.). In Nonnus, Dion. 15,169-16,405, the…
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Colchi
(68 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with Trading city on the south-eastern coast of India, situated opposite Taprobane (Ptol. 7,1,10; 7,1,95:
Kolchikòs kólpos). Peripl. m. r. 58f. made reference to the fact that the coast of Komarei up to and including C. was important for pearl fishing. C. was probably the city today known as Koṟkai. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
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Indo-Greeks
(114 words)
[German version] The Greeks of Hellenistic Bactria ( Graeco-Bactria), who conquered southeastern Afghanistan (Paropamisadae and Arachosia) and northwestern India (modern Pakistan) in the 2nd cent. BC. After the first and most important kings ( Demetrius [10] and Menander) the kingdom disintegrated into several parts whose numerous rulers (almost 40) are mostly attested only by coins. The I. held on until the 1st cent. BC or even the 1st cent. AD, when territories were conquered by the Part…
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Euthydemus
(540 words)
(Εὐθύδημος;
Euthýdemos). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos 418/7 BC Athenian
strategos of 418/17 BC. He took part in the Sicilian campaign, during which in 414/13 both he and Menander became commanders to serve alongside Nicias. They were defeated before Demosthenes [1] even arrived. They failed in their attempt to force their depart…
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Maesolus
(94 words)
[German version] (Μαισῶλος;
Maisôlos). Indian river, has its source in the Orudia mountain range (unclear according to [1]) and flows south to the Gulf of the Ganges (Ptol. 7,1,15; 37). Either modern Godavari or rather Kistna (Krishna) at whose delta the city of Masulipatam still lies today. Dey [2] also equates the name of the river M. with Old Indian
Mahāósāla, a place of pilgrimage on the Godavari. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography
1 O. Stein, s.v. Ὀρούδια, RE 18, 1526f.
2 N. L. Dey, The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India, 1927.
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Maesolia
(73 words)
[German version] (Μαισωλία;
Maisōlía, Ptol. 7,1,15;
Masalia, Peripl. m.r. 62); the land of the Maesolians (Ptol. 7,1,79; 93) on the east coast of India. For the name and the position see Maesolus. From an unnamed harbour there, the ships departed, according to Ptolemy, for Chryse Chersonesus (Malacca).…
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India
(1,809 words)
[German version] I. Name Old Indian
Sindhu as the name for the Indus river, is attested (with Iranian
h) as
Hindu in the ancient Persian inscriptions; from this came Greek Ἰνδός (
Indōs; with the Ionian loss of
h) for the river and then Ἰνδική (
Indikḗ) for the country. The Latin terms are Indus and India. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) [German version] II. Early relationships Whilst relationships between north-western I. and Mesopotamia go back to the 3rd millennium BC, I. became known in Greece only in the late 6th cent. through Scylax (FGrH 709), who visited …
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