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[German version] (Μενεκλείδας/ Menekleídas). Theban orator and politician of the 4th century BC. The main source (Plut. Pelopidas 25, 290f-291d) does describe him as a man powerful in speech, but also as a man of intrigue, who forced Epameinondas out of the boeotarchy, and who tried to disparage Pelopidas by playing off Charon against him. In a paranomy lawsuit (accusation of proposing an illegal resolution), a large fine was imposed on Menecleidas, but this did not prevent him from further agitati…

[German version] (Μικίνης; Mikínēs). An Athenian, whose name is known only because he was murdered in the streets of Athens one night between 403 and 380 BC. Lysias wrote a speech for the ensuing trial, which subsequently became famous (Fragment 90 Thalheim, hypothesis of Antiphon 2a). Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)

[German version] (Ὑβρέας; Hybréas). Greek orator and politician of the 1st cent. BC from Mylasa in Caria. He came from a simple background (Str. 14,2,24 = 659) but was fortunate enough to be taught by the rhetor Diotrephes in Antioch. After returning to his hometown, he acquired influence and wealth, becoming the most powerful man in Mylasa following the death of his rival Euthydemus. He occupied the office of   agoranomos among others (ibid.). In the disputes following the murder of Caesar, H. was on the side of the Triumviri, but, in 41, rejec…

(Ἰσαῖος; Isaîos). [German version] [1] Attic orator, 4th cent. BC Attic logographer from about the 1st half of the 4th cent. BC, son of Diagoras. Scant information about his life is offered in vitae in the MSS, Ps.-Plutarch (Mor. 839e-f), Harpocration, Suda and Photius (490a), all of which however depend on Dion. Hal. De Isaeo and Caecilius. The precise dates of his life are unknown; among the datable surviving speeches the earliest can be dated to about 389 and the latest to perhaps 344/3. Athens and Chalcis in Euboea are named as his birthplace.…

[German version] (Ἀφθόνιος; Aphthónios). Rhetorician of the 4th and the 5th cent. AD, from Antiochia, student of  Libanius and friend of  Eutropius. Of his writings, the practice speeches mentioned in Phot. library 133 are lost; still extant are 40 fables, some of which he had adopted from  Babrius, others he had newly created. Also still extant are the so-called   progymnasmata , which contain 14 definitions of basic rhetorical concepts used as introductory material for the discipline of rhetoric (e.g. fable μῦθος, narration διήγημα, p…

[German version] A. Life From his own speeches and other sources (Lib., Eun. Vit. Soph. 14 (494), Suda) the following emerges: Greek rhetor from Prusias in Bithynia, c. AD 320 until after 383, son of the rhetor Aminias. After studying in Athens until the beginning of the 340s, H. first worked as a teacher of rhetoric in Constantinople (343-352). One of several journeys undertaken at this time took him to Nicomedia (around 350), where he lost to  Libanius in an oratory competition (Lib. Ep. 742,1F = 654W; Libanius' speech …

[German version] (Γενέθλιος; Genéthlios). Greek rhetor from Petra, a pupil of Minocianus and Agapetus, 2nd half of the 3rd cent. AD. He taught in Athens in rivalry to Callinicus, and died there aged 28. He wrote epideictic orations and was praised for his talent and his astounding memory (Suda s.v.). The fact that he is mentioned four times in the Schol. Demosth. (18,8; 52; 19,148; 22,3) supports the assumption that G. had written a commentary on that rhetor. Two treatises on the classification of …

[German version] (Κοκόνδριος; Kokóndrios). Greek rhetor of undetermined date (probably Byzantine); a slim treatise on tropes ( trópoi) is extant. These are at the beginning systematically divided into three groups ( génē), namely trópoi referring to an individual word (e.g. onomatopoeia), to the whole sentence (e.g. allegory), or to both (e.g. hyperbaton). In elaboration C. does not adhere strictly to this system but deals with other types as well. For example, poets are quoted exclusively: Homer, as well as Alcaeus, the tragedians, and Theoc.  Style, figures of style;  trope Weißen…

[German version] Designation for the author of a rhetorical treatise from the 5th cent., publicized in 1840 by Séguier de St.-Brisson. For a time, the treatise had been falsely attributed to L. Annaeus Cornutus. This work is the epitome of a school book from the 2nd cent. AD (definitely prior to Hermogenes), which is predominantly based upon  Alexander [II 25],  Neocles and ( Valerius) Harpocration. The subject matter is the 4  partes orationis and also the 4   officia oratoris . It is an important source for the controversy between Theodoreans ( Theodor…

[German version] (Ἀλκίφρων; Alkíphrōn). Atticist author, probably from the 2nd or the early 3rd cent. AD [5], mentioned only by Aristaen. 1,5. 25 and Eust. 762,62. Preserved under A.'s name is a collection of 122 fictitious letters (only partial fragments), organized into letters by: 1. fishermen, 2. peasants, 3. parasites, 4. love letters. All letters are set in a timeless and idealized 4th-cent. Attica, perhaps modelled after the New Comedy [10], possibly but not clearly an imitation of Lucian [8…

[German version] (Ἀρισταίνετος; Aristaínetos). Accepted name for the author of a collection of love letters in two books, probably from the 1st quarter of the 6th cent. AD. In reality, A. is the sender of the first extant letter, but in the beginning of the MS at least one folio is missing and so is the name of the real author. A.'s models are mainly Plato, Menander, Lucian, Alciphron, Philostratus, and the authors of the novels and love elegies by  Callimachus (Aristain. 1,10. 15), whose content c…

[German version] Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC, known only because of a mention in Aristot. Rh. 1411b 6f.: a speech of L. for the defence of the strategos Chabrias is cited in which a statue erected in honour of the latter is metaphorically called hiketēría (olive branch wound around with wool as a symbol of one beseeching protection). (On the shape of this statue and the reasons for its erection, cf. Nep. Chabrias 1-3 and Diod. Sic. 15,33,4). The trial (it concerned treason in connection with battles for the Attic-Boeotian border fortre…

[German version] Greek rhetoric textbook, amounting to some 100 pages of modern print, recorded in the MSS (none earlier than the 14th cent.) as a work of Aristotle (Aristoteles [6]), but not appearing in the ancient title lists of the Corpus Aristotelicum (e.g. in Diog. Laert. 5,22-27). The earliest surviving attribution to Aristotle is by Syrianus (In Hermog. comm. 2, p. 11,17-21 Rabe). According to Quint. Inst. 3,4,9, Anaximenes [2] of Lampsacus (2nd half 4th cent. BC) distinguished types of speech (εἴδη/ eídē) in his rhetorical textbook ( téchnē); the same distinction occurs at…

[German version] (Μενέσαιχμος; Menésaichmos). Attic rhetorician of the 4th cent. BC. Lycurgus [9] (Ps.-Plut. Mor. 843d) succesfully charged him with neglecting his obligations as leader of the festival legation to Delos (Fr. in [1. 115-118]). M. succeeded Lycurgus as leader of the financial administration of Athens (Dion. Hal. de Dinarcho 11) and accused him shortly before his death (ibid. 842f) and afterwards his sons, who were temporarily arrested (ibid. 842e). M. was one of the accusers of Demos…

[German version] (Θεοδέκτης/ Theodéktēs). Rhetor and tragedian of the 4th cent. BC, active in Athens, extant only in fragments, b. in Phaselis (Lycia), son of an Aristander. Only the Suda (s. v. Θ.) mentions a like-named son of T., who was also active in literature (historiographic and ethnographic works, text for rhetorical instruction in 7 books, encomium of Alexander [6]); no other source differentiates between the two T., so that in some cases it is difficult to assign a work. This information …

[German version] (Ποτάμων/ Potámōn). Rhetor from Mytilene in Lesbos, son of the philosopher Lesbonax, known from the Suda (s. v. Π., Lesbonax and Theodorus of Gadara), mentioned in Seneca (Suas. 2,15 f.), Strabo (13,2,3), Lucian (Macr. 23) and several inscriptions  (cf. [1]). His life-span (90 years according to Lucian l. c.) reached probably from the 70s BC into the early reign of Tiberius. Three times he led a legation from his home city, twice to Caesar (in 47 and 45 BC), once to Augustus (in 27…

[German version] (Κράτων). Greek rhetor, roughly a contemporary of the older Seneca, known as a bitter enemy of the dominant style of  Atticism during his time. Seneca the Older recorded a few utterances that attest to C.'s honest humour in the face of Emperor Augustus (contr. 10,5,21f.). Considering this fact, as well as his openly stated animosity towards the imperial confidant Timagenes, C. must have belonged to Augustus' inner circle. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)

[German version] A. Life L. from Antioch/Syria, AD 314-393, is the most outstanding Greek rhetor of the late Imperial period. The most useful biographical data are contained in L.'s work itself, especially in his letters, but also in his speeches with autobiographical topics, esp. or. 1 and 2. Furthermore, there are references in contemporary writings (among others by Iulianus [11] and Iohannes [4] Chrysostomos), a Vita by Eunapius and the Byzantine tradition, probably largely based on the latter (Zosimus, Zonaras, Suda et al.). L. was born in 314 as the son of a highly respec…

[German version] (Ἔμπυλος; Émpylos). Rhetor of the 1st cent. BC from Rhodes; he lived in Rome in the house of M. Iunius Brutus and composed a small work on Caesar's assassination, taking the side of his friend Brutus. Plut. Brut. 2,4 used the work and passed a positive judgement on it. Quint. Inst. 10,6,4 mentioned E., praising his extraordinary memory. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography Edition: FGrH 2 B 191.

[German version] (Τύραννος/ Týrannos). Greek rhetor of the 4th or 5th cent. AD (definitely before Georgius Monos, who wrote around 500 and used T.); fragments survive from two of his works, five from Περὶ στάσεων ( Perì stáseōn, ‘Case Categories’, a systematic work on stasis theory; cf. status [1]) and seven from Περὶ διαιρέσεως λόγου ( Perì dihairéseōs lógou), a work which, similarly to the Dihaíresis zētēmátōn of Sopater [1], provides guidelines and examples for the preparation of speeches using fictitious cases organized by category. T. generally followed …

(Μινουκιανός; Minoukianόs). [German version] [1] 2nd cent. AD Athenian rhetor, rhetoric teacher and author of rhetoric textbooks Second-cent. AD Athenian rhetor, rhetoric teacher and author of rhetoric textbooks. According to a genealogy in [1] combined primarily from Himerius 7,4 (ed. Colonna p. 64) and Apuleius (Met. 1,2; 2,2f.), in about 130 he married Salvia, the daughter of the Stoic Sextus from Chaeronea, the teacher of Marcus [2] Aurelius and a nephew of Plutarch. According to the Suda (where the biograph…

Logographer, teacher of rhetoric and publicist from Athens, Erchia deme, son of Theodoros and Hedyto, 436-338 BC. [German version] A. Biography The biographical tradition concerning I., which goes back to Hermippus, is essentially documented in Dion. Hal. De Isocrate 1, Ps.-Plut. Mor. 836e-839d, an anonymous Life in a few MSS, Phot. 486b-488a and a Suda article s.v. I. In addition, there are biographical details in I.'s own works, particularly in Or. 15. As the son of a wealthy flute maker, I. received an education …

[German version] (Δημάδης; Dēmádēs). Orator from Athens, * around 380 BC, son of Demeas (deme of Paeania), † 319. Along with references by contemporary orators and epigraphical evidence (collected in [6]), we have information about him from an article in the Suda. Like his father, D. was initially a sailor and then, at a point in time that has not been authoritatively established, he turned to politics, initially and even later (cf. [4]) often in concert with Demosthenes. After 338 D. became one of…

(Ὑπερείδης; Hypereídēs). Attic orator, son of Glaucippus, from the deme Collytus, born 390/89 BC (since he was diaitetes in 330/29 and thus 60 years old, IG II 941), died in 322 BC. [German version] A. Life Of the rich biographical tradition of antiquity (Hermippus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Caicilius) all that has been preserved are the Vita in Ps.-Plutarch (Mor. 848d-850b) and short notes in Athenaeus, Photius (495b-496a) and in the Suda; in addition there is usable biographical information in H.' extant speeches and epigraphical testimonies. H. came from a wealthy family (h…

[German version] (Κλεοχάρης; Kleochárēs). Greek rhetor from Myrlea/Bithynia (Str. 12,4,9 = 566). According to Diog. Laert. 4,41 a lover of Arcesilaus, Demochares and Pythocles living therefore in the 3rd cent. BC, probably mostly in Athens. Apart from speeches, he wrote treatises in literary criticism; three works have been transmitted: in a comparison of Isocrates and Demosthenes he used the famous image of an athlete's body for the style of the former and of a soldier's for that of the latter (Ph…

[German version] Rhetorician from Athens; when the Romans conquered Athens in 86 BC, A. fled to Seleuceia first and later stayed at Tigranes' court with Tigranes' wife Cleopatra, daughter of Mithridates. He soon fell from favour there and voluntarily chose death by starvation, but still received an honourable funeral (Plut. Luc. 22). A. was an Asianist; Ps.-Longinus (De subl. 3,2) places him on a par with  Hegesias and Matris, regarding him as representative of the movement that runs counter to th…

(Ἑρμαγόρας; Hermagóras). [German version] [1] From Temnos, Greek orator, 2nd cent. BC Greek orator from Temnus (Str. 13,3,5 = 621; Suda, s.v. H.), probably active in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC (earlier than Molon, cf. Quint. Inst. 3,1,16). Except for his main work, texts written by him were already lost in antiquity (ibid. 3,5,14). His main work was probably titled Téchnai rhētorikaí, comprising 6 bks. (according to the Suda). Its content can be partially reconstructed from Cic. Inv., Quint. Inst. (esp. bk. 5) and Aug. De rhetorica. H. exerted an autho…

(Ἡγησίας; Hēgēsías). [German version] [1] Cyrenaic, c. 300 BC  Cyrenaic, lived in the decades before and after 300 BC. Due to the modifications that he (presumably in dialogue with  Epicurus) made on the original Cyrenaic doctrine of pleasure, some ancient philosophical historians have a new phase in the history of the Cyrenaics begin with him. H. assessed the view that one could succeed in achieving  pleasure and avoiding pain much more pessimistically than the original Cyrenaics. …

(Δημοκράτης; Dēmokrátēs). [German version] [1] Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC from Aphidna Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC from Aphidna, probably an older contemporary of Demosthenes [2] (about 338 BC he is called γέρων ( gérōn; old man), cf. Stob. Floril. 3,22,43). As the descendant of  Harmodius or  Aristogeiton, he had a claim to free provisions in the Prytaneion (Hyp. 4,3). He belonged to the Pro-Macedonian party (Hyp. 4,2). He is also mentioned in Aeschin. Leg. 2,17 and Isaeus 6,22. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography Blass, 3,2. [German version] [2] Tragedian of Sic…

(Ναυκράτης; Naukrát ēs). [German version] [1] Of Erythrae, rhetor, 4th cent. BC Rhetor of the 4th cent. BC, of Erythrae [2] in Ionia, known almost solely by virtue of the fact that he was a student of Isocrates. He seems not only to have relied closely on his teacher linguistically and stylistically (Cic. De orat. 2,94), but also, like him, to have confined his activities particularly to the area of political journalism (an epitáphios [2] is mentioned - probably a model funeral oration without a concrete occasion: Dion. Hal. Rhet. 6,1 - and a funeral oration presente…

(Νεάνθης; Neánthēs). [German version] [1] Of Cyzicus, Greek author of uncertain date N. of Cyzicus. References to and some fragments of the following works under this name are preserved (FGrH 84): a Greek history (Ἑλληνικά, Hellēniká), a history of Attalus [4] I of Pergamum (Περὶ Ἄτταλον ἱστορίαι, Perì Áttalon historíai), writings on the myths and history of the city of Cyzicus (Τὰ κατὰ πόλιν μυθικά, Ὧροι Κυζικηνῶν, Ta katà pólin mythiká, Hȏroi Kyzikēnȏn), a biographical collection ‘On famous men (Περὶ ἐνδόξων ἀνδρῶν, Perì endóxōn andrȏn), a piece on mysteries and cults (Περὶ τελετῶν, P…

[German version] I. Terminology Generic term: Greek τέχνη ῥητορική/ téchnē rhētorikḗ; from Plato onwards, the technical term is ῥητορική/ rhētorikḗ [43]; Latin: ars oratoria, ars dicendi (rhetoric as an acquired skill), or eloquentia (as an ability). Performers: Greek ῥήτωρ/ rhḗtōr (Homeric ῥήτηρ/ rhḗtēr); Latin orator (initially referring to any orator; later used in the specific context of rhetoric), rhetor (technical term for a teacher of rhetoric). Activity: Greek είρειν/ eírein (‘say’ in formal language) or more generally λέγειν/ légein (‘speak’); the Latin equivalen…

(Ἀκάκιος; Akákios). [German version] [1] Rhetorician and poet from Caesarea Rhetorician and poet from Caesarea, contemporary of  Libanius, who mentions A. numerous times in his letters, also known through Eunapius (Vitae Sophist. 497, cf. PLRE s. v. Acacius 6-8). After completing his studies in Athens, A. taught in Antioch [1]. He is said to have been superior to Libanius because of his natural talent. A. may have authored Ὠκύπους (Lib. Ep. 1380 W. = 1301 f.), the parody of a tragedy that was passed down …

(Λαχάρης; Lacháres). [German version] [1] Athenian demagogue and confidant of Cassander Athenian, demagogue and confidant of Cassander. L. succeeded, with a mercenary force, in establishing a rulership in Athens, probably from early in 300 BC to early in 295 (Olympiad Chronicle FGrH 257a F 1-4; Plut. Demetrius 33; however, IG II2 646 indicates 294 BC), which is described in ancient sources as a tyrannis, although fundamental organs of democracy continued to operate. Following the death of Cassander (297), L. managed to hold out, but was forced …

(Ἀναχιμένης; Anaximénēs). [German version] [1] Nature philosopher, 6th cent. BC Nature philosopher of 6th cent. BC, last representative of the  Milesian School. Although the arche (ἀρχή; archḗ) is unlimited with A. as with  Anaximander, it is specified as air. Air envelops the world, and a part of this is a component of the world. A. developed the first, still rudimentary theory of metamorphosis: in densifying (πύκνωσις; pýknōsis) and ephemeralizing processes (μάνωσις [ mánōsis] or ἀραίωσις [ araíōsis]) air and the various substances change into each other, in this sequ…

(Δείναρχος; Deínarchos). [German version] A. Life Attic orator, born about 361 BC in Corinth, son of Sostratus, died after 292. The source of information on his life is the (incompletely transmitted) treatise De Dinarcho of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who relied in particular on a lost speech by D. (‘Against Proxenus’); the other lives (Ps.-Plut., Photius, Suda) depend on Dionysius. D. relocated in his younger years ( c. 340/38) to Athens, lived there as a metic and had links to the Peripateti…

(Αἰσχύλος; Aischúlos). [German version] [1] of Athens Tragedian, 5th cent. BC Tragedian. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Biography The most important sources of A.'s biography (cited according to TrGF III) are the Vita, the Marmor Parium, and the Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος [Aischýlos], αι 357 Adler): born in 525/4 BC in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), son of Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), from the aristocratic family of the Eupatridae. He fought in the Persian Wars in 490 at Marathon (T 16) and in 480 at Salamis (T 14). Following an invitation by the tyrant  Hieron, A. again directed the …

(Δημοκλῆς; Dēmoklês). [German version] [1] Athenian, attempted to flee from erotic pursuit by Demetrius Poliorcetes At the baths the Athenian D. saved himself as an ‘immature boy’ (παῖς ἄνηβος; paîs ánēbos) from erotic pursuit by  Demetrius [2] Poliorcetes by jumping into a kettle of boiling water but was killed as a result (Plut. Demetrios 24,2-6). D. is not identical with the defender of the sons of Lycurgus against the suits of Moerocles and Menesaechmus (Ps.-Plut. Mor. 842E).  Athens Engels, Johannes (Cologne) [German version] [2] Attic orator of the school of Theophrastus Attic o…

(Σώπατρος/ Sṓpatros). [German version] [1] Greek rhetorician, 4th cent. AD Greek rhetorician of the 4th cent. AD, contemporary and perhaps pupil of Himerius (Walz 8,318,29, where the reading ὁ σοφὸς ὁ ἡμέτερος Ἱμέριος 'our learned teacher Himerius' is probably to be preferred). S. probably taught at Athens (Walz 8,55,6 f.). These pieces of information come from his main work, the Διαίρεσις Ζητημάτων/Di(h)aíresis Zētēmátōn (approx. 'Discussion of Questions'), a collection of 82 fictional controversiae , dedicated to an otherwise unknown Carponianus (whom S. calls 'son') and treating its subjects with a very uneven degree of th…

(Βασιλικός; Basilikós). [German version] [1] Rhetor in the 2nd cent. AD Rhetor in the 2nd cent. AD who lived past the year 200. He taught in Nicomedia in Bithynia (Suda s.v. Apsines). His student  Apsines refers to him and Aristides as the only sources for his study of rhetoric. In addition to a commentary on Demosthenes, B. is attributed with the authorship of several rhetorical works (περὶ τῶν διὰ λέξεως σχημάτων, περὶ ῥητορικῆς παρασκευῆς ἤτοι περὶ ἀσκήσεως, περὶ μεταποιήσεως). Only few remnants of these works are preserved in the Hermogenes scholia. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswa…

(Ἄντυλλος; Ántyllos). [German version] [1] Grammarian and rhetor of unknown time Grammarian and rhetorician of unknown time (Suda). He authored a biography of Thucydides, which was used by Marcellinus in his Thucydides-Vita (22, 36, 55), and a commentary to Thucydides, which was used and quoted in a number of scholia (to 1,2,3; 3,95,1; 4,19,1 and 28,2). Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography F. Goslings, Observationes ad Sch. in Thuc., 1874, 54 ff. R. Tosi, Scolifantasma tucididei, 1983. [German version] [2] Greek physician and surgeon of the imperial period Greek physician and surgeon who lived between Antigenes (late 1st cent. AD) and Oribasi…

(Νικέτης; Nikét ēs). [German version] [1] Greek rhetor at Rome, Augustan period Greek rhetor active at Rome in the Augustan period, known solely through several references by Seneca the Elder. Most of these report brief judgements and pithy remarks on fictional disputes (Sen. Controv 1,4,12; 1,5,9; 1,7,18; 1,8,13; 9,2,29; 9,6,18; 10,5,23); others exemplify the peculiarity of his teaching method (ibid. 9,2,23: N. only declaimed himself, and did not listen to students' practice speeches) and indicate his evid…

(Μόλων; Mólōn). [German version] [1] Satrap of Media and governor-general of the Upper Satrapies in 222 BC In 222 BC, together with his brothers Alexander and Neolaus, M., as satrap of Media and governor-general of the Upper Satrapies, rebelled against the young Antiochus [5] III and assumed the title of king (on coins: βασιλέως Μόλωνος). M. repelled Antiochus' military commanders, occupied the Apolloniatis (left bank of the Tigris, to the north of Babylon), crushed an army led by Xenoitas in 221 and conquered the territory from Iran to the Euphrates. It was only Antiochus himself who succeeded in de…

(Διοφάνης; Diophánēs). [German version] [1] Strategos of the Arsinoites 224-218 BC Strategos of the Arsinoites 224-18 BC; most of the P. Enteuxeis texts date to his time in office. PP 1,247. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography N. Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt, 1986, 56ff. [German version] [2] Greek rhetor from Mytilene, 2nd cent. BC 2nd-cent. BC Greek rhetor from Mytilene; exiled from his homeland for political reasons, he went to Rome and became the teacher and friend of Tib.  Gracchus. Together with C.  Blossius [2] from Cumae, he is suppose…

(Στρατοκλῆς/ Stratoklês). [German version] [1] Of Athens, 4th cent. BC Athenian, son of Charidemus of the Oion deme, relative and part heir of the wealthy Hagnias. After S.' death ( c. 360 BC), there was a legal dispute between his brother Theopompus and the guardian of his son for half of the Hagnias legacy (Isaeus 11). Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography Blass 2, 565-570  A. Schäfer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit (Beilagen), 1858, 229-236  PA 12942  W. E. Thompson, De Hagniae Hereditate, 1976. [German version] [2] Of Athens, c. 300 BC Athenian, son of Euthydemus of the Diomea deme, c. 360/350 to after 292 BC;…

(Νεοκλῆς; Neoklȇs). [German version] [1] Father of the Athenian politician Themistocles The politically inactive father of the Athenian politician and commander Themistocles (Plut. Themistocles 1; [1. 60-66; 69f.]; therefore Themistocles is called a ‘newcomer ’in Hdt. 7,143) ; aristocrat (Nep. Themistocles 1), a member of the Lycomidae family. N.'s wife was possibly non-Athenian. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography 1 F.J. Frost, Plutarch's Themistocles, 1980. Davies, 212ff.  Traill, PAA 706445. [German version] [2] Probable son of Themistocles Probably eldest son of Themistoc…

(Μενεκλῆς/ Meneklês). [German version] [1] Athenian lawyer, 350 and 347 BC Athenian. In 350 and 347 BC he was synegoros for Boeotus ( Mantitheus [3]) and his mother Plangon in two lawsuits (Dem. Or. 39,2; 40,9f.; 32). Allegedly a sycophant, Menecles was himself accused by Ninus's son. The prosecution speech (Din. fr. 33 Conomis) was attributed to Dinarchus. Engels, Johannes (Cologne) Bibliography Schäfer, Beilagen 1885, 211-226 PA 9908 Tra…

(Δάμας; Dámas). [German version] [1] Hero from Aulis Hero from Aulis who travelled to Troy with Arcesilaus and was killed there by Aeneas (Q. Smyrn. 8,303-305: Dymas? [1]). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography 1 P. Vian, Q. Smyrn., 1966. [German version] [2] Eponymous founder of Damascus in Syria (Δαμᾶς; Damâs). Eponymous founder of  Damascus in Syria. He accompanied Dionysus to Asia where he established a shrine to him in Syria in the form of a hut (σκηνή), called Δαμᾶ σκηνή ( Damâ skēnḗ, ‘hut of Damas’), hence Damascus (Etym. m. s.v. Δαμσκός 247 Gaisford). Bloch, René (Berne) …

[German version] [1] C. M. Rufus Stoic philosopher, c. AD 30-100 Stoic philosopher, who influenced Epictetus [2]. Born into the equestrian class in Etruria before AD 30. He taught in Greek. Exiled by Nero for his links to Stoic senators, he was recalled after Nero's death, but exiled and recalled again under the Flavians. By his death (c. AD 100), he had become a symbol of the philosophical life. He wrote nothing, but accounts of his lectures were published after his death, probably by Lucius [2]; Twenty-one extracts of these are preserved by Stobaeus and one on papyrus.…

[German version] [1] Roman god Roman deity Doubordieu, Annie (Paris) [German version] A. Name The etymology of the name (Q. from * co-uir-inus as with Quirites from * co-uirites, 'the totality of the citizens') makes its bearer the protector of the Roman citizenry. The age and importance of Q. are documented by the mention of his flamen ( F lamines ) in fourth position of the priestly hierarchy ( R ex sacrorum ) transmitted in Fest. 299 f. L. Nevertheless, his nature remains opaque: His origin is connected with the fou…