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[German Version] (GET; Society for Protestant Theology). An association in the legal form of a registered society of theologians and lay persons (cf. Societies, Theological), constituted in ¶ February 1940 in Berlin from the ranks of the Confessing Church, by, among others, J. Beckmann, M. Fischer, Hans v. Soden, J. Schniewind and Ernst Wolf, who held the chair until 1971. Founded to “promote Protestant theology in the spirit of the Reformation and in the service of the Protestant church” (bylaws 1940), the GET seeks “to n…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies In general usage, tradition (from Lat. transdare/ tradere, “hand on, transmit”) connotes retention and safeguarding, understood as a conservative handing down of mores, customs, norms, rules, and knowledge. The emphasis is on continuity with the past. Jan Assmann interprets tradition as an exemplary case of “cultural memory,” an enduring cultural construction of identity. In religions appeal to tradition is a prominent element justifying interpretations, practices, clai…

[German Version] (Feb 15, 1909, Rot an der Rot – May 12, 1981, Achalm near Reutlingen), a graphic artist, typesetter, painter, art teacher, lyricist and journalist. Grieshaber's extensive output of woodcuts unites the traditions of late Gothic woodcuts and of Reformation pamphlets with the media of Expressionism and Cubism. His forceful figurative idiom of forms dealt equally well with political messages and poetic encoding ( Der Engel der Geschichte [The angel of history], 1964–1982). Grieshaber also regularly found his themes in the Bible and the church and tr…

[German Version] I. Church History Since 1962 the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) has developed and published a continuous series of what are now called position papers ( Denkschriften), in the form of studies, advisory opinions, or theses on currently controversial sociopolitical issues. These position papers in their unified style of reflection and presentation constitute a distinctive literary genre, a unique witness to Protestantism in the late 20th century. The term and concept, of course, are earlier. The positi…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. Primitive Christianity – IV. Church History – V. Judaism – VI. Islam – VII. Asia, Africa, and Latin America – VIII. Social Sciences – IX. Psychology – X. Philosophy of Religion – XI. Practical Theology I. Religious Studies To date there have been hardly any works devoted to men from the perspective of religious studies. Given the androcentrism of traditional scholarship, the category of homo religiosus has usually yielded knowledge of the religious male, but this work must …

[German Version] (Jan 27, 1811, Winnenden – May 29, 1875, Tübingen), professor of practical theology and ethics. Palmer came from a Pietist family. From 1828 to 1833 he studied theology in Tübingen, from 1834 to 1836 he was a private tutor in Bissingen and Plieningen, from 1836 tutor at the Protestant college in Tübingen, and from 1839 a deacon in Marbach. From 1843 he was deacon in Tübingen, and at the same time lecturer in pedagogics at Tübingen University, where in 1852 he was appointed to the …

[German Version] The term “German Catholicism” denotes a separatist movement among German Catholics between 1844 and 1850. It is often linked with the ecclesiastical, religious, political, and social upheavals of the mid-19th century. Hostile to Ultramontanism, it had roots in late rationalism and the emancipatory political ideals of the Vormärz era; in many ways it anticipated later Reform Catholicism. Two events, almost simultaneous, triggered the movement in the fall of 1844. The first was the attack leveled by J. Ronge, …

[German Version] I. The term cultural revolution originated in Soviet Marxist-Leninist terminology of the 1920s. It refers to the effort to expand the effects of the October Revolution (Russia; Communism) beyond the political and economic realms and to extend them to cultural politics as a “Third Front.” In this respect, the emergence of the term marks a demarcation from the classical understanding of K. Marx and F. Engels according to which cultural developments …

[German Version] (Ger. Völkerpschyologie), often called comparative psychology or folk psychology, is a branch of psychology founded in the mid-19th century by the philosopher M. Lazarus and the philologist H. Steinthal in a series of many individual studies. It explores the phenomena of mental life that arise inherently from a collective, even a whole nation or people – particularly language, religion, art, tradition, legal systems, customs, and the overall constitution of the household, society, …