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was the pen-name of the prominent grammarian of the Basrian school whose proper name was Abū Bis̲h̲r ʿAmr b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Ḳanbar; he was a client ( mawla) of the Arab tribe of al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Kaʿb. This name is explained by Arabic philologists as meaning “scent of an apple”, but we cannot accept this explanation as the name is never stated to have been pronounced with a duplicated b, and from the analogy of many earlier names of Persians containing the end-syllable “oe” we may assert with much probability that the word was pronounced Sēbōē and was a term of endearment meaning “little appl…

, the moon, the satellite of the earth, considered in quite early times the principal heavenly body next to the sun, whose path lay on the sphere next to the earth ( falak al-ḳamar). Pythagoras was the first to recognise it as a dark body illuminated by the sun, from whose relative position with regard to the sun its changes in illumination or phases were seen to result; the recurrence of the latter, when the sun and moon have again reached the same positions with regard to the earth, led to the conception of the synodic month …

[See s̲h̲āh ]. ¶

[See ketk̲h̲udā.]

(usually called by the natives Tanah Sasak), the second in order of the Little Sunda Islands lying east of Java; the Strait of Lombok separates it from Bali, the Strait of Alas ¶ from Sumbawa. A not very bread, rather flat, strip runs from east to west approximately through the centre of the island, which is in part extremely fertile and is shut in by hills on the north and south. In the north is the volcano of Rindjani revered as holy by a large section of the population. The island is one of the richest parts of the Archipel…

al-Ḥanafī al-Ḥanhẓalī, Abū Rās̲h̲id, according to some sources, the son of a freed blacksmith of Greek origin (Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 56), chief of the extreme Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ites [q. v.], who after him are called Azraḳites [q. v.]. At first, after his secession to Ahwāz, Nāfiʿ joined ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubair [q. v.] in Makka. Soon, however, he and his followers turned their backs on the holy city and arrived before Baṣra, where they spread terror among the inhabitants, who left the town in mult…

The word S̲h̲ār meaning “greatness and lordship” was the title of the rulers of G̲h̲ars̲h̲istān who were under the overlordship of the Sāmānids of Buk̲h̲ārā. Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. Asad, a contemporary of Amīr Nūḥ b. Manṣūr the Sāmānid (365—387 = 976—997), is the first S̲h̲ār mentioned by the Muslim historians. He was an accomplished prince and his love of learning attracted many scholars to his court. When his son S̲h̲āh Muḥammad grew up to manhood, he entrusted the government of the country to …

is mentioned once in the Ḳurʾān: “The Jews said: ʿUzair is the son of God; the Christians said: Christ is the son of God” (Sūra ix. 30). ʿUzair is generally identified with Ezra. But as such a belief among the Jews that Ezra was the son of God can hardly be imagined, much less proved to exist, Casanova made the attractive suggestion that ʿUzair is Uzail-Azael, one of the fallen angels (on him see Heller, in R.E.J., 1910, lx. 201—212; Jung, in J.Q.R., 1925, 1926, N.S., xvi. 202—205, 287 sqq.), after a short time before Muḥammad Mad̲j̲dī Bey had made the fantastic suggestion that ʿUza…

, a plain west of the Ḏj̲ebel Ḥawrān on the border of Trachonitis in Transjordan. The name al-Nuḳra (“the cavity”) is quite modern. It is applied to an area, which includes the two districts of al-Bat̲h̲anīya (with its chief town Ad̲h̲riʿāt) and Ḥawrān (west of the hills of the same name), i. e. the whole northern half of Transjordan. In the wider sense al-Nuḳra includes all the country from al-Led̲j̲āʾ, Ḏj̲aidūr and al-Balḳāʾ to the foot of the Ḏj̲ebel Ḥawrān, in the narrower sense only the southern part of thi…

(t., “small hot spring”), a town in Bulgaria, 45 miles to the South of Silistria, was until the treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878) a part of the Ottoman ¶ Empire. It was in this town that a treaty of peace between ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd I, the Ottoman Sulṭān and Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, was signed on the 12 Ḏj̲umādā I, 1188 (July 21st, 1774). The Russian army having appeared before S̲h̲umla and the troops of the grand vizier Muḥsin-Zāde Muḥammad Pas̲h̲a, having abandoned it in a body, the latter decided to send plenipotentiaries to Field-Marshal Romanzoff; he chose the reʾīs-efendi Munīb and Kiay…

, a mountain-pass in Balōčistān, see above p. 625.

(i. e. brass or base silver), the name of the base small money of the Mag̲h̲rib in the vth to viiith centuries, the debased copies of the square Almohad silver coins, which had long enjoyed great popularity and were struck by many Christian rulers as monetae miliarenses, millarès. — The ḥandūsiya are small, irregularly cut little coins of base silver weighing from 7 to 14 grains. As a ride they bear neither ruler’s name, mint nor date, but only a religious legend (a variant of Ḳurʾān, xl. 47) and probably owe their origin to the Zīrid, Ḥafṣid, …

, a town and district of India, in the N. W. Frontier Province. Area of district 1,670 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 226,776, of whom nearly 90% are Muḥammadans. It consists of a basin, watered by the Kurram and Tochi rivers, and entirely shut in by mountains. More than half of the inhabitants are Paṭhāns, speaking Pas̲h̲tu, the chief tribes being Marwats, Bannūčīs, and Wazīrs. The crops are wheat, gram, maize, and millet, grown by irrigation from petty canals. Except for frontier raids, the district has …

, The “Post”, Arabic pronunciation of the Turkish Posta [q. v.]

[See alger.]

, older form tāzīk or tāžīk (in Maḥmūd Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī, i., 324: Težik), the name of a people originally used with the meaning “Arab” (later this meaning became confined to the form Tāzī), afterwards “Iranian” in contrast to “Turk”. The word is derived from the Arab tribal name of Ṭaiy. The nearest Arab tribe to the Iranians was the Ṭaiy, hence the name of this tribe came to be applied to the whole Arab people. The Ṭaiy are “mentioned as early as the beginning of the third century by an Edessene along with the Saracens as representatives of all the Beduins” (Cureton, Spicil. Syr., p. 16 ult. in Nö…

, Turkish general and author. Ḏj̲awād Pas̲h̲a to whom his father Muṣṭafā ʿĀṣimbeg gave the name Aḥmad Ḏj̲awād, was born in 1267 (1851) at Damascus, educated in Brusa and at the military academy of Constantinople. His military career brought him back to his native city of Damascus, and then to Servia (1876); he particularly earned the gratitude of his country at the demarcation of the frontier with Servia, Russia and Greece. In 1885 he was promoted to be general of a division and sent to Crete, w…

, arabicised form of the Berber amzwār, he who precedes, he who is placed at the head, equivalent to the Arabic muḳaddam and like this frequently has in North Africa the meaning of chief of a religious brotherhood ( ṭarīḳa, q. v.), the superintendent of a zāwiya [q. v.] or the chief of a body of s̲h̲orfā (q.v., dialect form from the class, plur. s̲h̲urafāʾ). In those districts of the Mag̲h̲rib, where the old Berber organisation has survived, mainly in the Great Atlas and Central Atlas, amzwār is sometimes the equivalent of anflūs, the political adviser to a body; cf. R. Montagne, Les Berbères et…

, Prostration (see Sud̲j̲ūd). The word has almost the same value in practice as our “adoration”. It is used as the title of two sūra’s (xxxii and xli) which are distinguished from one another by the opening letters; the second is called ḥ-m al-Sad̲j̲da, because it begins with the letters ḥ-m. The ideas and the subject in these two sūra’s are analogous; the Prophet presents the revealed book, praises the pious who believe, give alms and perform the ṣalāt, threatens the impious and reveals the signs of God in nature. Nöldeke puts these two snra’s…

(a.) means “discharge”, “liberation”, “enfranchisement”. In Syrian Arabic it means “privilege, passport” or “diploma”; thus the bishops approved by the Ottoman Government receive a berāt of investiture, that is permission to exercise their office. The word appears in an important passage of the Ḳorʾān, at the beginning of Sūra ix. where the Prophet commands his followers to make pilgrimages and proclaims that a truce should be observed during the holy months. This passage is not expressed with absolute clearness and its interpre…