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[German Version] (Rain; c. 1475 – before Dec 3, 1522, Copenhagen?), composer. Rein, who came from Arnstadt, served from 1502 to 1515 as rector of the Holy Spirit hospice school in Nuremberg, where he was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. Later he was a singer and probably the first director of the Danish court singers in Copenhagen (Denmark). With his compositions, of which more than 20 survive, he made a distinct contribution to the development of mass and motet composition in the early 16th century. Friedhelm Brusniak Bibliography F. Brusniak, Conrad Rein, 1980 (Ger.) idem, “Zur Ident…

[German Version] (Giovanni Rosenmiller; 1619, Ölsnitz, Vogtland – before Sep 12, 1684, Wolfenbüttel). After beginning theological studies at Leipzig in 1640, in 1642 he was appointed to a lay position in the Thomasschule and became organist of the Nikolaikirche (1651). As a student of Tobias Michael (1592–1657), in 1653 he was given to expect appointment as master of the Thomasschule choir but was imprisoned in 1655; he escaped from prison and fled to Italy. There is evidence of his presence in Ve…

[German Version] I. Music – II. Architecture I. Music 1. In modern usage, choir or chorus (from Gk χορός/ chorós, Lat. chorus) denotes a company of singers in which the individual both interprets and listens to ¶ “choral music” a cappella or with instrumental accompaniment (Chant and song; Music and musical instruments). Since the early Middle Ages, as the forms of choral music have changed for diverse purposes and functions, choral groups have come together as monophonic or polypho…

[English Version] I. Literarisch Ode, griech. ῳ᾿δη´/ōdē´, davon fortgebildet die lit. Formen der Palinodie, »Widerruf«, und Parodie, »Nebengesang«, bleibt literaturgesch. zunehmend dem feierlichen Gesang einer hohen Stimmung und Gesinnung (carmen) reserviert. Pindar (nur frgm., vier Bücher Epinikien [Siegeslieder]) ist der poetische Priester des Horaz (IV 2); dessen vier Bücher Carmina (odae) werden, nur spärlich für das lat. MA, bestimmendes Modell für die lat.-volkssprachige strophische Lyrik der…

[German Version] 1. Mendelssohn, Moses (Sep 6, 1729, Dessau – Jan 4, 1786, Berlin), youngest of the three children of Mendel Heymann and his wife Bela Rachel Sara. The father was a synagogue attendant and scribe of the Jewish community. The boy, who was deformed and had a weak constitution, was supported by the Dessau rabbi David Fränkel, and, as he said himself, reading M. Maimonides's More Nevukhim (ET: Guide for the Perplexed) made a lasting impression on him. In 1743 Mendelssohn followed Fränkel to Berlin, where he lived in very impoverished circumstances. He ac…

[German Version] I. Literature – II. Music – III. Orthodox Liturgy I. Literature Historically, the term ode (Gk ᾠδή/ ōdḗ, “song”; cf. the derivative lit. forms of the palinode, “poetic retraction,” and parody, “mock song/poem”) was increasingly reserved for a formal song or poem of exalted emotion ( carmen). Pindar (apart from four books of epinicia [victory songs], only frgms. extant) was the poetic muse of Horace (IV 2), whose four books of carmina ( odae), though little read in the Latin Middle Ages, provided a model for the Latin and vernacular strophic lyric poet…