Search

Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Colin, G.S." ) OR dc_contributor:( "Colin, G.S." )' returned 102 results. Modify search

Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first

Spartel

(111 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, cap formant l’extrémité Nordouest du Maroc et de l’Afrique, à une dizaine de kilomètres à l’Ouest de Tanger, l’antique AmpelusiaPromontorium. Al-Idrīsī ne le nomme pas; al-Bakrī le connaît comme une montagne s’avançant dans la mer, à 30 milles d’Arzila [voir Aṣīla] et à 4 de Tanger, et qui, avec des sources d’eau douce, porte une mosquée servant de ribāṭ. En face, sur les côtes d’al-Andalus, est la montagne d’al-Ag̲h̲arr ( Ṭarf al-Ag̲h̲arr > Trafalgar). Le nom d’ Is̲h̲bartāl — probablement apparenté au latin spartaria, «lieux abondants en sparte» — que lui donne al-Bakrī n’e…

al-Bādisī

(233 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, adjectif ethnique se rapportant à la ville de Bādis [ q.v.]. Il a été porté notamment par trois personnages marocains: 1. Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf al-Zuhaylī al-Bādisī, saint et savant du VIIIe/XIVe s., enterré à l’extérieur de la ville. L’auteur du Maḳṣad (cf. infra n° 2) lui a consacré une notice (cf. traduction, 146 et 218). Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn le tenait pour le dernier des grands saints du Maroc (cf. Prolégomènes, trad., II, 199; Histoire des Berbères, I, 230). Léon l’Africain (éd. Schefer, II, 273; trad. Épaulard, Paris 1956, 274) parle de son sanctuaire qui est encore très vénéré: Sīdi Bū Yaʿḳūb. 2. ʿA…

Ḥarṭānī

(490 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(plur. Ḥarātīn), nom donné, dans l’Afrique du Nord-ouest, à certains éléments de la population des oasis de la zone saharienne. Au point de vue racial, il semble s’agir du résultat d’un métissage, peut-être très ancien, entre des envahisseurs blancs et des autochtones négroїdes (penser aux énigmatiques Bāfūr de Mauritanie). Mais le type ethnique des Ḥarāṭīn est nettement différent de celui des Nègres; ceux du Sud du Maroc ont parfois même un type mongoloїde. Plutôt qu’une race distincte, ils cons…

Bārūd

(16,027 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S. | Ayalon, D. | Parry, V. J. | Savory, R. M. | Khan, Yar Muhammad
I. — Généralités. En arabe, le mot nafṭ (persan naft) s’applique à la forme la plus pure ( ṣafwa) du bitume de Mésopotamie ( ḳīr – ou ḳārbābilī). Il est naturellement ¶ blanc. On en rencontre parfois du noir que l’on peut blanchir en le sublimant. Le nafṭ est efficace contre la cataracte et le leucome; il a la propriété d’attirer le feu à distance, sans contact immédiat. Mélangé à d’autres produits (graisses, huile, soufre, etc.) qui le rendent plus comburant et plus adhésif, il constituera l’élément essentiel du «feu grégeois», composition incendiaire liquide …

Ḥinnāʾ

(809 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, le henné (pour les botanistes, c’est Lawsonia alba de Lamarck, appellation préférable à celle de L. inarmis de Linné qui ne correspond qu’à la forme jeune de la plante, la forme adulte étant spinosa), arbrisseau dont les feuilles possèdent des vertus médicinales et des propriétés tinctoriales. En arabe, le mot ḥinnāʾ est de beaucoup le plus courant; mais la langue ancienne en connaît d’autres qui, d’ailleurs, s’appliquent également à d’autres plantes tinctoriales: safran ( zaʿfarān), carthame ( ḳurṭumʿuṣfur) et curcuma ( kurkum); ce sont: yarannāʾ et raḳūn, riḳān, irḳān; ces trois…

Baḳḳāl

(490 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, étymologiquement «revendeur de légumes», mais ce mot est devenu l’équivalent du français actuel «épicier» pris au sens le plus large. C’est avec cette dernière valeur qu’il est passé en persan et en turc; puis, de ce dernier, dans les langues balkaniques. Avec sa valeur étymologique, le mot était connu de l’arabe hispanique de Valence du XIIIe s., glosé par olerum venditor. Mais dans le dialecte de Grenade (fin XVe s.), il correspond au castillan, gaton (= regrattier) «revendeur de comestibles en général» qui est aussi rendu par k̲h̲aḍḍār. Au début du XXe s., le baḳḳāl des villes du Mar…

Ḥiṣār

(16,289 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Colin, G. S. | Bosworth, C. E. | Ayalon, D. | Parry, V. J. | Et al.
, siège. Les articles suivants traitent de la guerre de siège. Sur les fortificatiops, voir Burd̲j̲, Ḥiṣn, Ḳalʿa et sūr. I. –– Généralités. La guerre de siège était une des formes essentielles de la guerre, lorsqu’il s’agissait de conquête et non de simples razzias, dans des pays où, depuis l’antiquité, la plupart des grandes villes s’abritaient derrière des murailles et où, de plus en plus, au cours du moyen âge, le plat-pays fut tenu à partir de forteresses [voir Ḥiṣn et Ḳalʿa]. Bien que les effectifs fussent rarement suffisants pour assurer un investissement parfait, ils …

Ḥisāb al-Ḏj̲ummal

(606 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, procédé de datation par chronogrammes. Il consiste à grouper, en un mot (significatif et caractéristique) ou en un court membre de phrase, l’ensemble des lettres dont les valeurs numériques totalisées fournissent la date d’un événement, passé ou futur. Un tel chronogramme constitue un ramz; c’est le tārīk̲h̲ des Turcs. Une variété, plus complexe, est dite mud̲h̲ayyal; le chronogramme principal y est complété par un chronogramme adventice ( d̲h̲ayl): c’est la somme des deux qui fournit la date. Naturellement, pour l’interprétation correcte de ¶ ces chronogrammes, il faut teni…

Garsīf

(617 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(on trouve, au moins aussi souvent, à l’époque marīnide, A garsīf, dont leg occlusif berbère est transcrit, en caractères arabes, tantôt par un d̲j̲im, tantôt par un kāf, différenciés l’un ou l’autre par trois points diacritiques), le Guercif des cartes françaises, petite localité du Maroc Oriental, à 60 km. à l’Est de Taza, au milieu de la vaste steppe de Tāfrāṭa. Elle est située à l’intérieur du bec formé par le confluent du Mulullū avec la Moulouya, d’où son nom (berbère gsr «entre» et asif «rivière»). Marmol a voulu identifier Guercif avec le Galapha de Ptolémée; mais cela est peu v…

Māssa

(617 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(en berbère: Masst), nom d’une petite tribu berbère du Sūs marocain d’où provient celui de la localité dans laquelle elle est établie, à environ 45 km au Sud d’Agadir, à l’embouchure de l’Oued ( wādī) Māssa; celui-ci correspond vraisemblablement au flumen Masatat que Pline l’Ancien (V,9) indique au Nord du flumen Darat (actuel Oued Darʿa), de même que les Masata du même géographe doivent correspondre aux actuels Ahl Māssa. Le nom de Māssa est mêlé au souvenir de la première conquête arabe du Maroc; selon la légende, c’est sur sa plage qu’après avoir conquis le Sūs, ʿUḳba b. Nāfī ʿ [ q.v.] aurai…

al-Butr

(445 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, nom donné à l’un des deux groupes de peuplades qui constituent l’ensemble des ¶ Berbères [ q.v.], l’autre étant celui d’al-Barānis [ q.v.]. Les principaux peuples qui le composaient étaient les Lawāta, les Nafūsa, les Nafzāwa, les Banū Fātin et les Miknāsa. Leur habitat le plus ancien est la zone de steppes et de plateaux qui s’étend du Nil à la Tunisie méridionale: ce sont donc, à l’origine, des Berbères libyens. Mais, très tôt, plusieurs de ces peuples (Miknāsa, Banū Fātin, une partie des Lawāta) s’étaient transpor…

Diplomatique

(17,392 words)

Author(s): Björkman, W. | Colin, G. S. | Busse, H. | Reychmann, J. | Zajaczkowski, A.
I. — Arabe classique. 1. Tandis que la diplomatique a depuis longtemps acquis en Occident le statut de science indépendante dont les résultats sont consignés dans de bons manuels (p. ex. Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien, 2e éd. 1931), les documents arabes n’ont été soumis que parcimonieusement à une investigation scientifique; cela découle du fait que les matériaux sont trop dispersés et insuffisamment étudiés pour permettre des recherches détaillées. Pourtant, les documents arabes ont depuis long…

Abd̲j̲ad

(855 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(ou Abad̲j̲ad ou Abu-Ḏj̲ad), le premier des huit termes mnémotechniques entre lesquels les vingt-huit consonnes de l’alphabet arabe sont réparties. En Orient, la série complète de ces voces memoriales est ordonnée et — généralement — vocalisée comme suit: ʾ abd̲j̲ad hawwaz ḥuṭṭiy kalaman samʿfaṣ ḳaras̲h̲at t̲h̲ak̲h̲ad̲h̲ ḍaẓag̲h̲. En Occident (Afrique du Nord et Péninsule ibérique), les groupes n°B 5,6 et 8 ont une composition différente; la liste complète y est la suivante : ʾ abad̲j̲id hawazin ḥuṭiyin kalamnin ṣa ʿ faḍin ḳurisat t̲h̲ak̲h̲ud̲h̲ ẓag̲h̲s̲h̲in. Dans les six prem…

Filāḥa

(13,320 words)

Author(s): Shihabi, Mustafa al- | Colin, G.S. | Lambton, A.K.S. | İnalcık, Halil | Habib, Irfan
, agriculture. Falḥ, action de fendre et de couper, s’appliquant à la terre, a le sens de «fendre pour cultiver», soit «labourer». Fallāḥ «laboureur», filāḥa, «labourage». Mais depuis l’époque préislamique, le mot filāḥa a prit un sens plus étendu pour désigner le métier de la culture du sol, l’agriculture. Dans ce sens il est synonyme de zirāʿa, auquel les anciens préféraient filāḥa (tous les anciens auteurs appelaient leurs ouvrages d’agriculture Kitāb al-Filāḥa). Actuellement ce dernier mot est très usité, en Afrique du Nord, dans le langage officiel comme dans …

Čāy

(450 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
Le thé paraît être mentionné pour la première fois dans un texte arabe par l’auteur des Ak̲h̲bār al-Ṣīn wa-l-Hind (éd.-trad. J. Sauvaget, 18), sous la forme sāk̲h̲, tandis qu’al-Bīrūnī, Nubad̲h̲ fī ak̲h̲bār al-Ṣīn, éd. Krenkow, dans M M I A, XIII. (1955), 388, l’appelle plus correctement d̲j̲aʾ. Il fut introduit en Europe, vers le milieu du XVIe siècle, par la Compagnie hollandaise des Indes; mais ce n’est qu’au milieu du XVIIe que son usage se répandit, surtout en Angleterre. Pour le Maroc, la première mention du thé remonte à 1700. Ce fut un négociant français, en relati…

Ḳāʾid

(712 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(A.), terme à valeur peu précise, mais qui désigne toujours un chef militaire dont le grade peut varier de celui de capitaine à celui de général. Sémantiquement, c’est l’équivalent du latin dux. Chez les historiens, le pluriel le plus courant est ḳuwwād. Pour l’armée de terre, en Espagne musulmane, ce titre correspond à «général» et même à «généralissime». Dans la marine de guerre, ḳāʾid al-usṭūl (=ḳ.ʿalā l-uṣtūl) ou ḳāʾid al-baḥr (= ḳ. ʿalā l-baḥr, ḳ. fī l-baḥr) équivaut à «amiral». Mais Ibn K̲h̲aldūn indique ¶ qu’à son époque le terme usuel chez les marins était al-miland (prononcé avec…

Gudāla

(459 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, peuplade berbère appartenant à la grande ethnie des Ṣanhād̲j̲a du désert (le phonème berbère g est généralement noté en écriture arabe par un d̲j̲īm; mais Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, selon son système de transcription, le rend par un kāf qui, dans le manuscrit original, devait être diacrité d’un point placé au-dessus ou au-dessous). Ils habitaient dans la partie méridionale de l’actuelle Mauritanie, au Nord du fleuve Sénégal et au contact de l’Océan. Au Sud, leur territoire confinait au pays des Nègres; au Nord, dans l’actuel Ādrār mauritanien…

Melilla

(1,197 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(en arabe actuel: Mlīlya, berbère Tamlilt «la blanche», chez les géographes arabes: Maīlla), ville maritime du Maroc oriental, située sur un promontoire de la côte Est de la presqu’île des Gelʿiyya que termine le cap Tres Forcas ou des Trois Fourches ( rās Hurk des géographes arabes, actuellement rās Werk). Melilla correspond vraisemblablement au Rusadir des Anciens; cf. Rhyssadir oppidum et portus (Pline, V, 18), Russadir colonia de l’Antonini itinerarium. Léon l’Africain prétend qu’elle aurait appartenu aux Goths durant quelque temps et que c’est sur ces dernie…

Baraka

(316 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, bénédiction. Dans le Ḳurʾān, ce mot n’est employé qu’au pluriel: les barakāt sont envoyées par Dieu aux hommes, comme la raḥma et le salām. On peut le traduire par «force bénéfique, d’origine divine, qui provoque la surabondance dans le domaine physique, la prospérité et la félicité dans l’ordre psychique». Le texte du Ḳurʾān ( kalāmullāh) est, naturellement, chargé de baraka. Dieu peut en déposer une émanation dans la personne de Ses prophètes et de Ses saints: Muḥammad et ses descendants en sont spécialement doués. A leur tour, ces personnages sacrés…

Dawār

(357 words)

Author(s): Marçais, W. | Colin], G. S.
, campement d’arabes bédouins, où les tentes sont rangées en cercle ou en ellipse, formant une sorte d’enceinte autour de l’espace libre du milieu ( murāḥ) où le bétail passe la nuit; cette disposition très ancienne des campements se retrouve chez les Bédouins d’Orient (Syrie du Nord, Mésopotamie) et chez tous les nomades ou seminomades de l’Afrique du Nord; et le nom de dawār qui lui est donné, apparaît déjà chez certains voyageurs et géographes du moyen âge. En Orient, la forme exacte du mot est dawār ou dwār, dans le Mag̲h̲rib c’est dūwār ou dowwār (pl. dwāwīr). Le nombre des tentes qui …

S̲h̲āwiya

(2,836 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Lancaster, W.et Fidelity | O. Jastrow
(plur. de s̲h̲āwī «éleveur de moutons»), appellation devenue le nom générique de plusieurs collectivités dans le monde arabe. 1. Au Mag̲h̲rib. Les plus importantes sont, au Maroc, les S̲h̲āwiya de Tāmasnā et, en Algérie, les S̲h̲āwiya de l’Awrās. E. Doutté ( Marrâkech, 4-5) donne l’indication de quelques autres groupements de moindre importance. On a voulu aussi rapprocher de S̲h̲āwiya le nom d’une région d’Abyssinie, le Choa. a) S̲h̲āwiya en général. Partout où on la retrouve, cette appellation de S̲h̲āwiya s’applique à une population berbère de Zanāta et de …

Maṭg̲h̲ara

(724 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, nom d’un peuple berbère appartenant à la grande famille des Butr [ q.v.]; ils étaient parents des Zanāta et frères des Maṭmāṭa, Kūmya, Lamāya, Ṣaddīna, Madyūna, Mag̲h̲īla, etc., avec qui ils constituaient le groupe ethnique des Banū Fātin. Comme les autres populations appartenant à ce groupe, les Maṭg̲h̲ara étaient sans doute originaires de la Tripolitaine; cependant, l’élément le plus oriental que connaissent al-Bakrī et Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn est celui qui vivait dans les régions montagneuses qui bordent la Médite…

Ḏj̲azūla

(541 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, nom arabe d’une ancienne peuplade berbère du Sud-ouest du Maroc, sans doute apparentée au groupe Ṣanhād̲j̲a [ q.v.]. Au contact des Lamṭa [ q.v.], leurs frères, ils nomadisaient au Sud de l’Anti-Atlas. Mais, assez tôt, certains d’entre eux ¶ se sédentarisèrent dans la partie occidentale de cette montagne (Ḏj̲abal Hankīsa); leur établissement principal y était Tāg̲h̲d̲j̲īzat. l’actuelle Tāg̲h̲jījt, à 80 kil. S.-S.-E. de Tīznīt. C’est d’eux qu’était originaire ʿAbd Allāh b. Yā-Sīn, le promoteur du mouvement religieux et poli- tique des Murābiṭūn [ q.v.]. Les Ḏj̲azūla y prirent …

Bimāristān

(3,755 words)

Author(s): Dunlop, D.M. | Colin, G.S. | Şehsuvaroǧlu, Bedi N.
(souvent abrégé en māristān) hôpital, du persan bīmār «malade» + le suffixe istān qui désigne le lieu. Dans l’usage moderne, bīmāristān est surtout appliqué à un asile d’aliénés. I. — Période ancienne et Orient musulman. Selon les Arabes eux-mêmes (cf. al-Maḳrīzī, Ḵh̲iṭaṭ, II, 405), le premier hôpital fut fondé soit par Manāḳyūs, roi mythique d’Égypte, soit par Hippocrate; ce dernier aurait créé pour les malades, dans un jardin près de sa maison, un xenodokeion, littéralement «logement pour étrangers». Pour cette affirmation, Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa ( ʿUyūn, éd. Müller, I, 26-7) donne …

Ibn Ḳuzmān

(4,231 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, nom gentilice d’une famille de Cor doue dont cinq membres, à des titres divers, méritent d’être signalés. On en trouvera l’arbre généalogique apud Ibn al-Abbār, n° 1517. I. Abū l-Aṣbag̲h̲ ʿĪsā b. ʿAbd al-Malik Ibn Ḳuzmān, lettré et poète du IVe/Xe siècle. Le chambellan al-Manṣūr Ibn Abī ʿAmir le choisit comme l’un des précepteurs du jeune calife His̲h̲ām II al-Muʾayyad, proclamé en 366/976, à l’âge de onze ans. Contrairement à ce qu’a supposé Lévi-Provençal ( Du nouveau ..., 13), il ne saurait donc s’agir du père du fameux zad̲j̲aliste, qui porta le même nom. Cette pré…

Iṣṭabl

(6,679 words)

Author(s): Viré, F. | Colin, G.S. | Bosworth, C.E. | Digby, S.
et isṭabl (A.; pl. iṣṭablāt et rarement aṣābil selon LA, s.v.) étymologiquement «étable» au sens d’écurie, c’est-à-dire le bâtiment où l’on garde à ¶ l’attache montures et bêtes de somme (équidés et camélidés) et, par métonymie, le cheptel lui-même de ces bêtes appartenant à un seul propriétaire. Iṣṭabl est l’arabisation du bas-grec στάβλον/σταβλíον/σταυλíον (v. Du Cange, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infime graecitatis, Lyon 1688, s.v.) venant lui-même du latin stabulum. C’est là l’un des termes dits «de civilisation» qui ont eu le plus de rayonnement puisqu…

Bādis

(621 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, localité (aujourd’hui ruinée) pourvue d’un mouillage, sur la côte méditerranéenne du Maroc. Elle est à 110 km. S.-E. de Tétouan, entre le pays des G̲h̲umāra [ q.v.] et le Rīf [ q.v.] proprement ¶ dit. Elle s’élevait sur le territoire des Banū Yaṭṭūfat ( vulgo Bni Yiṭṭōft), près de l’embouchure d’un torrent qui porte son nom: Tālā n-Bādis ( vulgo: Tālembādes). On a voulu y retrouver la Parietina de l’Itinéraire d’Antonin; mais ce toponyme antique pourrait aussi bien correspondre à l’anse — mieux abritée — de Yallīs̲h̲ (= Iris de nos cartes) qui n’est qu’à 7 km. au S.-O. La ville de Bādis et s…

Kammūn

(986 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, cumin ( Cuminum/Cyminum), ombellifère qui semble originaire de l’Iran oriental, d’où elle serait passée très tôt au Proche-Orient (Syrie, Palestine, haute vallée du Nil), pour se répandre ensuite dans le bassin de la Méditerranée (hébreu: kammōn; grec: kùminon; latin: cuminum). Spontané ou cultivé, ses graines aromatiques étaient recherchées. Les médecins utilisaient leurs multiples vertus: carminatives, emménagogues, sudorifiques, etc. en potions et en électuaires ( maʿād̲j̲īn). Les diététistes les préconisaient comme stimulant de la digestion. On en connaissait mai…

Maṣmūda

(3,807 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(on rencontre aussi le pluriel brisé Maṣāmida), l’une des principales familles ethniques berbères constituant la branche des Barānis. Si l’on met à part les éléments maṣmūdiens qu’al-Bakrī signale aux environs de Bône, les Maṣmūda post-islamiques paraissent avoir habité exclusivement l’extrémité occidentale du Mag̲h̲rib et, aussi loin que l’on remonte dans l’histoire du Maroc «intérieur», on les voit constituer avec les Ṣanhād̲j̲a [ q.v.], autres Berbères Barānis, le fond du peuplement berbère de ce pays. En effet, depuis la première conquête arabe du Ier/VIIe siècle jusqu’à …

al-Ḏj̲adīda

(1,252 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Cenival, P. de
, nom arabe et appellation officielle de l’ancienne Mazagan (nom arabe ancien: al-Burayd̲j̲a «la petite forteresse»), ville maritime du Maroc, située sur l’Océan atlantique, à onze kilomètres au S.-O. de l’embouchure du wādī Umm Rabīʿ. Sa population comptait, en 1954, 40 318 habitants, dont 1704 Français, 120 étrangers et 3 328 Juifs. Certains auteurs pensent que Mazagan s’élèverait sur le site de ʿPουσιβìΣ λιμήν de Ptolémée, ou ¶ Portus Rutubis de Pline. Les textes ne disent pas d’ailleurs qu’il y ait jamais eu là une ville, mais seulement un mouillage fréquenté…

al-Mag̲h̲rib

(28,308 words)

Author(s): Yver, G. | Lévi-Provençal, E. | Colin, G. S.
, al-Mamlaka al-Mag̲h̲ribiyya, royaume de l’Afrique du Nord dont le nom, dans les langues européennes (français: Maroc; anglais: Morocco; espagnol: Marruecos) est une déformation de celui de la métropole du Sud, Marrākus̲h̲ [ q.v.]. I. — Géographie. Le Maroc occupe la partie occidentale de la Berbérie; il correspond au Mag̲h̲rib al-Aḳṣā des géographes arabes [voir Mag̲h̲rib], Compris entre 5° et 15° de long. Ouest (Greenwich) d’une part, 36° et 28° de lat. Nord, d’autre part, il couvre une superficie approximative de 500 à 550 000 km2. Il a pour limite au Nord, la Méditerranée, …

Dīwān

(15,700 words)

Author(s): Duri, A. A. | Gottschalk, H. L. | Colin, G. S. | Lambton, A. K. S. | Bazmee Ansari, A. S.
, recueil de poésie ou de prose [voir ʿArabiyya, Īrān (litt.), Turk (litt.), Urdū (litt.), S̲h̲iʿr], registre ou bureau. Les sources ne sont pas d’accord sur l’étymologie du terme: les unes lui attribuent une origine persane, dēv «fou» ou «diable» appliqué aux secrétaires, d’autres le font ¶ venir de l’arabe dawwana «recueillir» ou «enregistrer», de là «collection de pièces ou de feuilles» (voir al-Ḳal-ḳas̲h̲andī, ṣubḥ, I, 90; LA, XVII, 23-4; al-Ṣūlī, Kuttāb, 187; al-Māwardī, al- Aḥkām al- sulṭāniyya, 175; al-Ḏj̲ahs̲h̲iyārī, Wuzarāʾ, 16-17; cf. al-Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ, 449). Cepe…

Banīḳa

(331 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(plur. banāʾiḳ), mot arabe qui a connu une importante évolution sémantique. En arabe ancien, sa valeur est controversée par les lexicographes (cf. Ibn Sīda, Muk̲h̲aṣṣaṣ, IV, 84-85; TA, s.v.). Le sens primitif semble avoir été celui de «toute pièce rapportée ( ruḳʿa) pour élargir une tunique ( ḳamīṣ) ou un seau de cuir ( dalw)». Dans le cas du ḳamīṣ, selon certains, les banāʾiḳ auraient été des «pointes» de tissu, en forme de triangle très allongé, insérées verticalement, en bas des emmanchures, le long des fentes latérales du vêtement, pour lui donner de l’…

Dallāl

(766 words)

Author(s): Becker, C.H. | Colin, G.S.
(ar.) «courtier», «commissionnaire». Dallāl, littéralement «indicateur», est le mot populaire arabe pour simsār, sensal. Nous trouvons dans le Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs sur le mot simsār : «C’est l’homme, que le peuple appelle dallāl; il montre à l’acheteur le chemin des marchandises et au vendeur celui des prix». Les données arabes sur l’institution de ces courtiers, d’une si grande importance au point de vue économique, sont extrêmement fragmentaires. Le dallāl correspondait au μεσίτηζ byzantin. En l’absence de travaux systématiques antérieurs, seuls quelques renseigne…

Āgdāl

(86 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(berb.) terme emprunté par l’arabe marocain, algérien et tunisien au berbère, avec le même sens qu’il a dans cette langue, à savoir «pâturage naturel dont le propriétaire se réserve l’usage exclusif». Au Maroc, le mot a pris, en outre, la valeur particulière de «vaste étendue de terres de pacage, entourée de murailles et contiguë au palais du Sultan, réservée à l’usage de sa cavalerie et de son bétail». De tels enclos existent dans chacune des villes impériales: Fès, Meknès, Rabat et Marrakech. (G.S. Colin)

Burd̲j̲

(8,824 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S. | Sourdel-Thomine, J. | H. Terrasse | J. Burton-Page
(avec les pluriels burūd̲j̲, abrād̲j̲ et abrid̲j̲a), tour (carrée ou ronde) attenante à un rempart ou bien isolée et servant de bastion ou de donjon. Valeurs particulières: chacun des douze signes du zodiaque [voir Nud̲j̲ūm], considérés comme «mansions» solaires; maison de campagne, plus ou moins fortifiée, isolée au milieu de jardins (Mag̲h̲rib oriental); tour servant de phare ( burd̲j̲ al-manār); tour servant de colombier, spécialement pour les pigeons voyageurs ( burd̲j̲ al-ḥamām; voir J. Sauvaget, La poste aux chevaux dans l’empire des Mamlouks, Paris 1941, n. 167); pile …

al-Barānis

(438 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, nom de l’un des deux groupes de peuplades qui constituent l’ensemble des Berbères [ q.v.], l’autre étant celui des Butr. Il représente le pluriel du nom de leur ancêtre éponyme commun: Burnus; pour une origine possible de cette appellation, voir Butr. Selon Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, les Barānis auraient compris sept grands peuples: Awraba, ʿAd̲j̲īsa, Azdād̲j̲a, Maṣmūda-G̲h̲umāra, Kutāma-Zawāwa, Ṣanhād̲j̲a, Hawwāra. Cependant, l’appartenance des trois derniers à ce groupe est controversée; certains en font des descendants de Ḥimyar, donc des non-b…

Dār al-Ṣināʿa

(1,839 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Cahen, Cl.
(aussi, mais plus rare: dār al-ṣanʿa). Etymologiquement, ce composé peut se traduire par «établissement industriel, manufacture». En fait il s’applique toujours à une manufacture d’État: par exemple, sous les Umayyades d’Espagne, aux établissements d’orfèvrerie destinée au souverain, et de fabrication et stockage des armes. Mais le sens le plus courant est celui d’«établissement pour la construction et l’équipement des navires de guerre»: dār ṣināʿa li- ins̲h̲āʾ al- sufun; on trouve aussi simplement dār al- ins̲h̲āʾ. Ce sera exclusivement de ces arsenaux qu’il sera qu…

Fāzāz

(1,217 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, nom porté au moyen âge par l’extrémité Nord-ouest du Moyen Atlas marocain. Ce territoire s’étendait au Sud de Fès et de Meknès. A l’ Est,il était limité par le cours supérieur du wādī Subū (= wādī Gīgū); vers l’Ouest, il s’étendait jusqu’au cours supérieur du wādī Umm Rabīʿ (= wādī Wānsīfan); sa limite au Sud était le col dit de Tīg̲h̲ānīmīn, aux sources de la Malwiyya. Il correspondait à l’habitat actuel des tribus berbérophones appelées, en arabe: Bnī Mṭīr, Bnī Mgīld, Gerwān, Zemmūr et Ẓāyān…

Lamṭa

(311 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, grande tribu berbère, de la famille des Barānis. Son origine précise ne paraît pas avoir été connue des généalogistes arabes et berbères qui en font seulement des frères des Ṣanhād̲j̲a, des Haskūra et des Gazūla; d’autres lui donnent une origine ḥimyarite, comme aux Hawwāra et aux Lawāta [ q.vv.]. Les Lamṭa étaient l’une des tribus nomades de porteurs de voile ( mulat̲h̲t̲h̲amūn). Une fraction habitait au Sud du Mzāb, entre les Massūfa, à l’Ouest, et les Tārga (= Touareg) à l’Est; elle semble même s’être étendue jusqu’au Niger. Au Sud du Maroc, dans le S…

Hiba

(8,695 words)

Author(s): Rosenthal, F. | Bosworth, C. E. | Wansbrough, J. | Colin, G. S. | Busse, H. | Et al.
(A.), l’un des nombreux mots arabes employés pour exprimer la notion de «cadeau», est le terme juridique préféré dans ce sens (voir article suivant) Le cadeau, c’est-à-dire le transfert volontaire de propriété, est accompli dans des desseins matériels et psychologiques. Dans la préhistoire de l’homme, il précède probablement le paiement contractuel pour des biens et des services. En Islam, il a conservé sa fonction héritée en tant que composante importante de la structure sociale et a exercé une influence considérable …

S̲h̲āwiya

(2,712 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Lancaster, W. Fidelity | O. Jastrow
(a., pl. of s̲h̲āwī ) “sheep-breeder or herder”, a term applied to groups in various parts of the Arab world. 1. The Mag̲h̲rib. Here the term, originally applied in contempt, has become the general designation of several groups, of which the most important are, in Morocco, the S̲h̲āwiya of Tāmasnā and in Algeria, the S̲h̲āwiya of the Awrās. E. Doutté ( Marrâkech , 4-5) mentions several other groups of less importance. An endeavour has also been made to connect Shoa, the name of a district in Abyssinia, with S̲h̲āwiya. Wherever it is found, the term is applied to Berbers of the Zanāt…

Ḳāʾid

(771 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(A.), an imprecise term, but one always used to designate a military leader whose rank might vary from captain to general. Semantically, it is the equivalent of the Latin dux . The plural most frequently employed by historians is ḳuwwād . For the army in Muslim Spain, this title corresponded to general or even commander-in-chief. In the navy, ḳāʾid al-usṭūl (= ḳāʾid ʿala ’l-usṭūl ) or ḳāʾid al-baḥr (= ḳāʾid ʿala ’l-baḥr , ḳāʾid fi ’l-baḥr ) was equivalent to “admiral”. But Ibn K̲h̲aldūn intimates that the term current among sailors of his day was al-miland (pronounced with a back lām

Ibn Ḳuzmān

(4,561 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, name of a Cordovan family, of which five members are, for various reasons, worthy of mention. The genealogy of the family is given in Ibn al-Abbār, no. 1517. I. Abu ’l-Aṣbag̲h̲ ʿĪsā b. ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḳuzmān , poet and man of letters of the 4th/10th century. The chamberlain al-Manṣūr Ibn Abī ʿĀmir chose him as one of the tutors of the young caliph His̲h̲ām II al-Muʾayyad, who succeeded to the throne at the age of eleven in 366/976. Thus, in spite of the opinion of E. Lévi-Provençal ( Du nouveau . . . 13), it is impossible that he should have been the father of the famous writer of zad̲j̲als

Diplomatic

(17,714 words)

Author(s): Björkman, W. | Colin, G.S. | Busse, H. | Reychmann, J. | Zajaczkowski, A.
i.— Classical arabic 1) Diplomatic has reached the status of a special science in the West, and the results of such research are accessible in good manuals (like Harry Bresslau’s Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien , 2nd. ed. 1931). Much less work has been done on Arabic documents: the material is very scattered, and not yet sufficiently collated to permit detailed research. Yet Arabic documents have aroused interest for some considerable time: a number have been published, and the editing o…

Kammūn

(1,032 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, cumin ( Cuminum Cyminum ), an umbelliferous plant which seems to be a native of eastern Iran. At an early date it was found in the ¶ Near East (Syria, Palestine, the upper valley of the Nile), then spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. The Hebrew is kammōn , Greek kúminon , Latin cuminum . Wild or cultivated, its aromatic seeds were much sought after. Physicians recognized its many virtues: carminative, emmenagogic, sudorific, etc. in potions and in electuaries ( maʿād̲j̲īn ). Dieticians knew it as an aid to digestion. Many varieties were known and these were variously apprais…

al-Bādisī

(250 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, ethnie adjective referring to the town of Bādis [ q.v.], and borne by three notable Moroccan personalities: 1. Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf al-Zuhaylī al-Bādisī, saint and savant of the 8th/14th century, who is buried outside the town. The author of the Maḳṣad (cf. infra , 2) devoted a notice to him (cf. trans,, 146 and 218). Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn regarded him as the last of the great Moroccan saints (cf. Prolegomena , trans., ii, 199; Histoire des Berbères , i, 230). Leo Africanus (ed. Schefer, ii, 273; ed. Épaulard, Paris 1956, 274) speaks of his shrine which is still venerated: Sīdi Bū Yaʿḳūb. 2. ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ a…

Maṭg̲h̲ara

(778 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, the name of a Berber tribe belonging to the great family of the Butr [ q.v.]; they were related to the Zanāta and brethren of the Maṭmāṭa, Kūmiya, Lamāya, Ṣaddīna, Madyūna, Mag̲h̲īla, etc., with whom they form the racial group of the Banū Fātin. Like the other tribes belonging to this group, the Maṭg̲h̲ara originally came from Tripolitania; the most eastern members of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, however, known to al-Bakrī and Ibn K̲h̲aldūn were those who lived in the mountainous regions along the Mediterranean from Milyā…

al-D̲j̲adīda

(1,300 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Cenival, P. de
, Arabic and the present-day official name of the ancient Mazagan (former Arabic name: al-Burayd̲j̲a “the little fortress”), a maritime town of Morocco, situated on the Atlantic Ocean 11 km. south-west of the mouth of the wādī Umm Rabiʿ. Its population was 40,318 in 1954, of whom 1704 were French, 120 foreigners, and 3,328 Jews. Some authors have considered that Mazagan arose on the site of Ptolemy’s ʿPоυσιβίς λιμήν, Pliny’s Portus Rutubis . The texts do not, indeed, say that there had ever been a town there, but merely an anchorage frequented by ships, and this ¶ seems to have been the ca…

Ḥiṣār

(16,216 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Colin, G.S. | Bosworth, C.E. | Ayalon, D. | Parry, V.J. | Et al.
, siege. The following articles deal with siegecraft and siege warfare. On fortification see burd̲j̲ , ḥiṣn , ḳalʿa and sūr . i.— General Remarks Siege warfare was one of the essential forms of warfare when it was a matter of conquest, and not merely of plundering raids, in countries in which, from ancient times, most of the large towns had been protected by walls and where, during the Middle Ages, the open countryside was to an ever increasing extent held by fortresses [see ḥiṣn and ḳalʿa ]. Although the forces available were rarely sufficient to impose a co…

Ḥisāb al-D̲j̲ummal

(663 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, method of recording dates by chronogram. It consists of grouping together, in a word (significant and appropriate) or in a short phrase, a group of letters whose numerical equivalents, added together, provide the date of a past or future event. Such a chronogram is known as a ramz , and in Turkish a taʾrīk̲h̲ [ q.v.]. A more complex variety is called mud̲h̲ayyal ; here the principal chronogram is completed by a supplementary chronogram ( d̲h̲ayl ) and it is the sum of the two which provides the date. For the correct interpretation of these chronograms it is of course necessary to t…

al-Butr

(479 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, the name given to one of the two groups of tribes who constitute the Berbers [ q.v.], the other being called al-Barānis [ q.v.]. The chief groups of whom al-Butr was composed were the Lawāta, the Nafūsa, the Nafzāwa, the Banū Fātin and the Miknāsa. Their earliest habitat is the region of steppe and plateau which extends from the Nile to southern Tunisia; they were thus originally Libyan Berbers. But, very early, several of these peoples (Miknāsa, Banū Fātin, and a part of Lawāta) moved towards the west—to Algeria (the…

Tādlā

(1,344 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(or Tādilā), the Tedle of Leo Africanus, a district of Morocco comprising the plateaus which stretch to the west of the high valley of ¶ the Wādī Umm al-Rabīʿ, as well as the western slopes of the Central Atlas, from Wādī ’l-ʿAbīd to the sources of the Moluya. The classical ethnic Tādilī is no longer used except for the S̲h̲orfā of the district; the popular ethnic is Tādlāwī. The region of the plateaus is occupied by six semi-nomad tribes of Arab origin: Urdīg̲h̲a, Bnī Ḵh̲īrān. Bnī Zemmūr, Smāʿla, Bnī ʿĀmer, Bnī Mūsā, whose centres are Wād Zem, Bujad (= Bed̲j̲d̲…

Bādis

(652 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, a town (now in ruins) and anchorage on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. It is 68¼ m. (110 km.) south-east of Tetuan, between the territory of the G̲h̲umāra [ q.v.] and the Rīf [ q.v.] properly so-called. It is situated on the territory of the Banū Yaṭṭūfat ( vulgo: Bni Yiṭṭōft) near the mouth of a torrent named Tālā-n-Bādis ( vulgo: Tālembādes). An attempt has been made to identify it with the Parietina of the Itinerary of Antoninus; but this ancient place-name could equally well refer to the more sheltered cove of Yallīs̲h̲ (= Iris on our maps) which is only 7 km. to the south-west. The town of…

Banīḳa

(345 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, (plur. banāʾiḳ ), an Arabic word which has been subject to considerable semantic evolution. In early Arabic, its meaning is disputed by the lexicographers (cf. Ibn Sīda, Muk̲h̲aṣṣaṣ , iv, 84-85; ¶ TA, s.v.). The primitive meaning seems to have been “any piece inserted ( ruḳʿa ) to widen a tunic ( ḳamīṣ ) or a leather bucket ( dalw )”. In the case of the ḳamīṣ, according to some authorities, banāʾiḳ were “snippets” of material, in the form of very elongated triangles, inserted vertically below the armholes, along the lateral seams of the garment, to give greater fu…

Hiba

(8,430 words)

Author(s): Rosenthal, F. | Bosworth, C.E. | Wansbrough, J. | Colin, G.S. | Busse, H. | Et al.
, one of many Arabic words used to express the concept of “gift”, and the preferred legal term for it, see following article. The giving of gifts, that is, the voluntary transfer of property, serves material and psychological purposes. In the pre-history of man, it probably antedates the contractual payment for goods and services. In Islam, it has retained its inherited functions as an important component of the social fabric and has exercised a considerable influence on political life. Literature (in the narrow sense…

Dallāl

(817 words)

Author(s): Becker, C.H. | Colin, G.S.
(ar.) “broker”, “agent”. Dallāl , literally “guide”; is the popular Arabic word for simsār , sensal . In the Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs we find, on the word simsār: “This is the man known as a dallāl ; he shows the purchaser where to find the goods he requires, and the seller how to exact his price”. Very little is known from the Arabic sources about the origins of these brokers, who have been of such great importance in economic affairs. The dallāl corresponded to the Byzantine μεδίτης. In the absence of any systematic earlier studies, only certain items of information collected at r…

Melilla

(1,236 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(in modern Arabic: Mlīlya , Berber Tamlilt , "the white"; in the Arab geographers, Malīla ), a seaport on the east coast of Morocco on a promontory on the peninsula of Gelʿiyya at the end of which is the Cape Tres Forcas or the Three Forks ( Rās Hurk of the Arab geographers, now Rās Werk ). Melilla probably corresponds to the Rusadir of the ancients (cf. Rhyssadir oppidum et portus (Pliny, v. 18), Russadir Colonia of the Antoninian Itinerary). Leo Africanus says that it had belonged for a time to the Goths and that the Arabs took it from them, but…

Dīwān

(16,419 words)

Author(s): Duri, A.A. | Gottschalk, H.L. | Colin, G.S. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Bazmee Ansari, A.S.
, a collection of poetry or prose [see ʿarabiyya ; persian literature ; turkish literature ; urdū literature and s̲h̲iʿr ], a register, or an office. Sources differ about linguistic roots. Some ascribe to it a Persian origin from dev , ‘mad’ or ‘devil’, to describe secretaries. Others consider it Arabic from dawwana , to collect or to register, thus meaning a collection of records or sheets. (See Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī, Ṣubḥ , i, 90; LA, xvii, 23-4; Ṣūlī, Adab al-kuttāb , 187; Māwardī, al-Aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya , 175; D̲j̲ahs̲h̲iyārī, Wuzarāʾ , ¶ 16-17; cf. Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ ,…

Garsīf

(677 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(in the Marīnid period Agarsīf occurs quite as frequently; the occlusive Berber g is some times transcribed in Arabic characters as d̲j̲īm , sometimes as kāf , each distinguished by three diacritical points), the Guercif of French maps, a small place in eastern Morocco 60 km. east of Taza, in the middle of the immense Tāfrāṭa steppe. It is situated on the spit of land between the Mulullū and Moulouya rivers at their confluence; hence its name (Berber ger- “between” and āsīf “river”). Marmol wished to identify Guercif with Ptolemy’s Galapha but this is scarcely l…

Āgdāl

(86 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(Berber), a term borrowed by the Arabic of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia from Berber, with the same meaning as in that language namely "pasturage reserved for the exclusive use of the landowner". In Morocco, however, the word has acquired the special sense of "a wide expanse of pasture lands, surrounded by high walls and adjoining the Sultan’s palace, reserved for the exclusive use of his cavalry and livestock". Such enclosures exist in each of the royal cities, Fez, Meknes, Rabāṭ and Marrākus̲h̲. (G.S. Colin)

S̲h̲ard̲j̲a

(110 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, name of three places in Arabia: 1. S̲h̲ard̲j̲at al-Ḳarīṣ, a port on the coast of the Yaman, where there were storehouses for the durra which was shipped to ʿAden; the native town of Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Zabīdī, the famous grammarian who taught in Cairo and died in 802 a.h. (1399—1400). 2. A place near Mekka. 3. A port on the Pirate Coast, on the Persian Gulf between ʿOman and Baḥrain. (G. S. Colin) Bibliography Ibn Ḥawḳal, B.G.A., ii. 19 al-Muḳaddasī, B. G.A., iii. 53, 69, 86, 92 Ibn Ḵh̲urdad̲h̲beh, B.G.A., vi. 143 al-Yaʿḳūbī, B.G.A., vii. 317, 319 Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am, ed. Wüstenfel…

Maṭmāṭa

(329 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, the name of a Berber tribe, belonging to the large family of the Butr, and brethren of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, Kūmya, Lamāya, Ṣaddīna, Madyūna, Mag̲h̲īla, etc. They formed with them the ethnic group of the Banū Fātin who, like all the other Butr, seem to have had their original home in Tripolitania. Our chief source of information about the Maṭmāṭa are al-Bakrī and Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn. As with the majority of the Butr Berbers, three principal divisions can be distinguished: 1. Elements settled in the eastern Mag̲h̲rib not far from their original home: these are the modern Maṭmāṭa in So…

Tīṭṭāwīn

(1,416 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, Tetuan, Fr. Tétouan, Sp. Tetuan, the Tetteguin of Leo Africanus, a Berber place-name meaning “the springs” (a quarter of the town is still called al-ʿUyūn); al-Idrīsī gives the defective form Tiṭṭāwin and the modern popular pronunciation is Tsiṭṭāwen, Tsiṭṭāun. The name Tetuán given it by the Spaniards comes from the form found at the end of the xviith century on coins of the early sovereigns of the Fīlālī dynasty. It is a town in the north of Morocco, 21 miles S. of Ceuta. It is built on a little terrace which juts out of Mount Darsa and commands th…

Mazagan

(1,465 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S. and de Cenival, P.
(old Arabic name: al-Buraid̲j̲a, “the little fortress”; modern Arabic name: al-Ḏj̲adīda “the new”), a town on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, 7 miles S. E. of the mouth of the Wādī Umm Rabīʿ. Its population in 1926 was 19,159, of whom 14,141 were Muslims and 3.385 Jews. Some writers think that Mazagan was built on the site of the ‘ΡουσιβίΣ λιμήν of Ptolemy, or Portus Rutubis of Pliny. The texts however do not say that there was ever a town there, but only a roadstead frequented by ships. The situation seems to have remained unchanged throughout the middle ages…

Lamtūna

(232 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, a large Berber tribe belonging to the ethnic group of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a who lived in tents, and led a nomadic life in the desert to the south of Morocco with other tribes whose members veiled their faces with the lit̲h̲ām [q. v.] ( mulat̲h̲t̲h̲imūn). At first idolaters, the Lamtūna embraced Islām and converted also the Negro peoples who lived around them. After having had a series of independent kings, they fell into anarchy until Yaḥyā b. Ibrāhīm al-Gudālī took control of them; having gone on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 440 (1048— 1049) he br…

Spartel

(113 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, a cape forming the extreme N. W. point of Morocco and of Africa, 7 or 8 miles west of Tangier. Al-Idrīsī does not mention it; al-Bakrī knows of it as a hill jutting out into the sea, 30 miles from Arzila and 4 from Tangier, which has springs of fresh water and a mosque used as a ribāṭ. Opposite it on the coast of Andalusia is the mountain of al-Ag̲h̲arr (=Ṭarf al-Ag̲h̲arr > Trafalgar). The name Is̲h̲bartāl (probably connected with the Latin spartaria = places overgrown with esparto) given it by al-Bakrī is not known to the natives. (G. S. Colin) Bibliography al-Bakrī, Description de l’Afrique Se…

Maṣmūda

(4,057 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(the broken plural Maṣāmida is also found), one of the principal Berber ethnic groups forming a branch of the Barānis. If we set aside the Maṣmūda elements mentioned by al-Bakrī in the neighbourhood of Bone, the post-Islāmic Maṣmūda seem to have lived exclusively in the western extremity of the Mag̲h̲rib; and as far back as one goes in the history of the interior of Morocco, we find them forming with the Ṣanhād̲j̲a [q. v.], another group of Barānis Berbers, the main stock of the Berber population of this country. I…

Māssa

(481 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(Berber Māsset), the name of a small Berber tribe of Morocco of Sūs, settled some 30 miles south of Agadir at the mouth of the Wādī Māssa; the latter is probably the flumen masatat mentioned by Pliny the Elder (v. 9) to the north of the flumen Darat, the modern Wādī Darʿa, and the Masatas of the geographer would correspond to the modern ahl Māssa. The name Māssa is associated with the first Arab conquest of Morocco: according to legend, it was on the shore there that, after conquering Sūs, ʿUḳba b. Nāfiʿ drove his steed into the waves of the Atlantic calling …

Lawata

(218 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, a Berber ethnical group, belonging to the family of Butr, whose eponymous ancestor was Lawā the younger, son of Lawā the older, son of Zaḥīk. Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn disputes the view of certain Berber genealogists recorded by Ibn Ḥazm who consider the Lawāta as Saddarāta and the Mazāta as of Coptic origin. Others say the Lawāta with the Hawwāra and the Lamṭa were of Ḥimyarite origin. In any case the oldest home of the Lawāta seems most likely to have been the eastern part of North Africa. They were found in Egypt to the north between Alexandria and Cairo; to the south in the oases and in al-Ṣaʿīd. Some ¶ Lawāt…

Tīṭ

(527 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(in the texts one finds sometimes the Berber name Tīṭ-an-Fiṭr, sometimes its Arabic translation: ʿAin al-Fiṭr, “Source of the Breaking of the Fast”), a place on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, some eight miles S.W. of Mazagan. Accordiug to the local legend, Tīṭ owed its foundation to a saint, Ismāʿīl Amg̲h̲ār (Berber = Arabic s̲h̲aik̲h̲) who came from Medina, led by a light which guided him in the sky, and settled among the Gudāla, a branch of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a of Azemmūr; he settled in the forest opposite a spring “situated in the sea” to which he use…

Maṭg̲h̲ara

(737 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, the name of a Berber tribe belonging to the great family of the Butr; they were related to the Zanāta and brethren of the Maṭmāṭa, Kūmya, Lamāya, Ṣaddīna, Madyūna, Mag̲h̲īla etc., with whom they form the racial group of the Banū Fātin. Like the other tribes belonging to this group, the Maṭg̲h̲ara originally came from Tripolitania: the most eastern members of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, however, known to al-Bakrī and Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn were those who lived in the mountainous regions along the Mediterranean from …

Lamṭa

(296 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, a large Berber tribe of the Barāni family. Its exact origin does not seem to have been known to the Arab and Berber genealogists, who simply make them brethren of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a, Haskūra and Gazūla; others give them a Ḥimyarite origin like the Hawwāra and the Lawāta. The Lamṭa were one of the nomad tribes who wore a veil ( mulat̲h̲t̲h̲imūn). One section lived on the south of the Mzāb, between the Massūfa on the west and the Tārga (Tuareg) on the east; they even seem to have extended as far as the Niger. In the south of Morocco, in al-Sūs, where there we…

Smala

(101 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
, 1. French form for zmāla, in the Algerian dialect of Arabic, “camp of a tribe or of an important personage, containing his family and his servants, as well as the beasts of burden”. The word passed into the French language as a result of the fame of the smala of ʿAbd al-Ḳādir b. Muḥyi ’l-Dīn [q. v.] the capture of which made a great stir in 1843. 2. In Algeria under Turkish rule, the name zmāla (plur. zmūl) was given to some tribes forming a kind of mounted police (cf. the articles dwāʾir and zmāla. (G. S. Colin)

Morocco

(30,984 words)

Author(s): Yver, G. | Lévi-Provençal, E. and Colin, G. S. | Colin, Georges S. | Lévi-Provençal, E.
, a country and Muslim state of northern Africa. The name (Spanish Marruecos, French Maroc) is a corruption of Marrākus̲h̲, the largest town in southern Morocco [see the article marrākus̲h̲]. 1. Geography. Morocco occupies the western part of Barbary; it corresponds to the Mag̲h̲rib al-Aḳṣā of the Arab geographers [see the article mag̲h̲rib]. Lying between 5° and 15° W. longitude (Greenwich) on the one hand and between 36° and 28° N. latitude on the other, it covers approximately an area of between 500,000 and 550,000 square kilometres. On the No…

S̲h̲afs̲h̲āwan

(2,004 words)

Author(s): Colin, G. S.
(popularly Chechaouen, ech-Chaoun, in Spanish Xauen; the original of the name is no doubt the Berber plural Is̲h̲efs̲h̲āwen), a little town in Northwest Morocco, 35 miles south of Tetuan. It lies at the foot of the mountain of Sīdī Bū-Ḥād̲j̲a (a spur of the massif of Bū-Hās̲h̲em) on a tributary of the Wādī Lāu; it now lies within the lands of the tribe of el-Ḵh̲mās, but it used to belong to the Banū Zad̲j̲al, a tribe belonging to the G̲h̲umāra group. In 1918 the population was about 7,000, who lived in a thousand houses in the six quarters: el-ʿOnṣar, Rīf el-Andalus, el-Ḵh̲a…

Māssa

(630 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(Berber Masst), the name of a small Berber tribe of the Sūs of Morocco, from which comes the name of the place where it is settled, some 30 miles south of Agadir at the mouth of the Wādī Māssa; the latter is probably the flumen Masatat mentioned by Pliny the Elder (v. 9) to the north of the flumen Darat , the modern Wādī Darʿa, and the Masata of the geographer would correspond to the modern ahl Māssa . The name Māssa is associated with the first Arab conquest of Morocco: according to legend, it was on the shore there that, after conquering the Sūs, ʿUḳba b. Nāfiʿ drove his…

Dawār

(401 words)

Author(s): Marçais, W. | Colin, G.S.
, an encampment of Arab Bedouins in which the tents (sing, k̲h̲ayma ) are arranged in a circle or an ellipse, forming a sort of enceinte around the open space in the middle ( murāḥ ) where the cattle pass the night; this very ancient way of laying out an encampment is still to be found among the Bedouins of the east (northern Syria, Mesopotamia) and among all the nomads or semi-nomads of North Africa. The name of dawār which is given to it appears already in the writings of certain travellers ¶ and geographers of the middle ages. In the East, the exact form of the word is dawār or dwār

Ḥarṭānī

(541 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(pl. ḥarāṭīn ), the name given, in north-west Africa, to certain elements of the population of the oases in the Saharan zone. From the ethnic point of view, they seem to have arisen from inter-breeding, perhaps at some very remote period, between white invaders and the indigenous negroid inhabitants (calling to mind the enigmatic Bāfūr in Mauritania). But the Ethnic type of the Ḥarāṭīn is markedly different from that of the Negroes; those from Southern Morocco are sometimes e…

Burd̲j̲

(207 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(pl. burūd̲j̲ , abrādj , and abrid̲j̲a ), square or round tower, whether adjacent to a rampart or isolated and serving as a bastion or dungeon. Special meanings: each of the twelve signs of the zodiac, considered as solar ‘mansions’; more or less fortified country house standing alone amidst gardens (Eastern Mag̲h̲rib); tower used as a lighthouse ( burd̲j̲ al-manār ); tower used as a dovecote, especially for carrier pigeons ( burd̲j̲ al-ḥamām ; see J. Sauvaget, La poste aux chevaux dans l’empire des Mamlouks , Paris 1941, no. 157); masonry pier of a bridge;…

Fāzāz

(1,235 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, name borne in mediaeval times by the north-western extremity of the Moroccan Middle Atlas. This territory lay to the south of Fez and Meknès. It was bounded to the east by the upper course of the Wādī Subū (=Wādī Gīgū); westwards, it extended as far as the upper course of the Wādī Umm-Rabīʿ (=Wādī Wānsīfan); its southern boundary was the so-called Tīg̲h̲ānīmīn pass, where the Malwiyya rises. It coincided with the territory now occupied by the Berber-speaking tribes called in Arabic: Bnī Mṭīr, …

Spartel

(119 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, a cape forming the extreme north-western point of Morocco and of Africa, 7 or 8 miles west of Tangier, the ancient Ampelusia Promontorium. Al-Idrīsī does not mention it; al-Bakrī knows of it as a hill jutting out into the sea, 30 miles from Arzila [see aṣīla ] and 4 from Tangier, which has springs of fresh water and a mosque used as a ribāṭ . Opposite it on the coast of al-Andalus is the mountain of al-Ag̲h̲arr (= Ṭarf al-Ag̲h̲arr > Trafalgar). The name Is̲h̲bartāl (probably connected with the Latin spartaria = places overgrown with esparto) given it by al-Bakrī is not known to the natives. (G.S. C…

Bārūd

(16,103 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Ayalon, D. | Parry, V.J. | Savory, R.M. | Khan, Yar Muhammad
i. — general In Arabic, the word nafṭ (Persian nafṭ) is applied to the purest form ( ṣafwa ) of Mesopotamian bitumen ( ḳīr —or ḳārbābilī ). Its natural colour is white. It occasionally occurs in a black form, but this can be rendered white by sublimation. Nafṭ is efficacious against cataract and leucoma; it has the property of attracting fire from a distance, without direct contact. Mixed with other products (fats, oil, sulphur etc.) which make it more combustible and more adhesive, it constituted the basic ingredient of “Greek fire”, a liquid incendiary compo…

Bīmāristān

(3,821 words)

Author(s): Dunlop, D.M. | Colin, G.S. | Şehsuvaroǧlu, Bedi N.
, often contracted to māristān , from Persian bīmār ‘sick’ + the suffix -istān denoting place, a hospital. In modern usage bīmāristān is applied especially to a lunatic asylum. ¶ i. Early period and Muslim East . According to the Arabs themselves (cf. Maḳrīzī, Ḵh̲iṭaṭ , ii, 405), the first hospital was founded either by Manāḳyūs, a mythical king of Egypt, or by Hippocrates, the latter of whom is said to have made for the sick in a garden near his house a xenodokeion , literally ‘lodging for strangers’. The authority for this statement is given by Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa ( ʿUyūn , …

Baḳḳāl

(489 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, etymologically “retailer of vegetables”, this word has become the equivalent of the present English “grocer” taken in its widest sense. With the latter significance it has passed into Persian and Turkish, and, from Turkish, into the Balkan languages. In its etymological meaning, the word was known in the Spanish Arabic of Valencia in the 7th/13th century, glossed by olerum venditor. But in the dialect of Granada (end of the 9th/15th century), it corresponded to the Castilan regaton ( = regrattier ) "retailer of foodstuff s in general”, which was also rendered by k̲h̲aḍḍār . At the begin…

Abd̲j̲ad

(869 words)

Author(s): Weil, G. | Colin, G.S.
(or Abad̲j̲ad or Abū Ḏj̲ad ), the first of the eight mnemotechnical terms into which the twenty-eight consonants of the Arabic alphabet were divided. In the East, the whole series of these voces memoriales is ordered and, in general, vocalized as follows: ʾabd̲j̲ad hawwaz ḥuṭṭiy kalaman saʿfaṣ ḳaras̲h̲at t̲h̲ak̲h̲ad̲h̲ ḍaẓag̲h̲ . In the West (North Africa and the Iberian peninsula) groups no. 5, 6 and 8 were differently arranged; the complete list was as follows: ʾabad̲j̲id hawazin ḥuṭiyin kalamnin ṣaʿfaḍin ḳurisat t̲h̲ak̲h̲ud̲h̲ ẓag̲h̲s̲h̲in . ¶ The first six groups of the Ori…

al-Barānis

(504 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, name of one of the two groups of tribes which together constitute the Berber nation [ q.v.], that of the other being the Butr. It represents the plural of the name of their common eponynxous ancestor: Burnus; for a possible origin of this name see butr. According to Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, the Barānis comprised five great peoples: Awraba, ʿAd̲j̲īsa, Azdād̲j̲a, Maṣmūda-G̲h̲umāra. Kutāma-Zawāwa, Ṣanhād̲j̲a, Hawwāra. Whether, however, the last three belong to this group is a matter of controversy; they are considered by some to be descendants of Ḥimyar…

Gudāla

(514 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, small Berber tribe belonging to the great ethnic group of the desert Ṣanhād̲j̲a (the Berber phoneme g is usually rendered in Arabic script by a d̲j̲īm but Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, in his system of transcription, writes it as a kāf which, in the original manuscript, presumably had a diacritical point placed above or below). They lived in the southern part of what is now Mauritania, to the north of the Senegal and in contact with the ocean. To the south their territory bordered the land of the Negroes; to the north, in the…

Iṣṭabl

(7,005 words)

Author(s): Viré, F. | Colin, G.S. | Bosworth, C.E. | Digby, S.
and isṭabl (a.; pl. iṣṭablāt and rarely aṣābil , according to LA, s.v.), etymologically stable , that is to say the building in which mounts and baggage animals (equidae and camelidae) are kept tethered and, by metonomy, the actual stock of such animais belonging to one single owner. Iṣṭabl is the arabization of the low-Greek στάβλον/σταβλíον/σταυλíον(see Du Cange, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis , Lyons 1688, s.v.), which ¶ in turn derives from the Latin stabulum . This is one of the so-called terms “of civilization” which hav…

Lamṭa

(330 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, a large Berber tribe of the Barānis family. Its exact origin does not seem to have been known to the Arab and Berber genealogists, who simply make them brethren of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a, Haskūra and Gazūla; others give them a Ḥimyarite origin like the Hawwāra and the Lawāta [ q.vv.]. The Lamṭa were one of the nomadic tribes who wore a veil ( mulat̲h̲t̲h̲amūn ). One section lived on the south of the Mzāb, between the Massūfa on the west and the Tārga (Tuareg) on the east; they even seem to have extended as far as the Niger. In the south of Mo…

Čay

(483 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
Tea appears to be mentioned for the first time in an Arabic text by the author of the Ak̲h̲bār al-Ṣīn wa’l-Hind (ed. and transl. by J. Sauvaget, 18), under the form sāk̲h̲ , whereas al-Bīrūnī, Nubad̲h̲ fī Ak̲h̲bār al-Ṣīn , ed. Krenkow, in MMIA, xiii (1955), 388, calls it more correctly d̲j̲aʾ . It was introduced into Europe towards the middle of the 16th century by the Dutch East Indies company; but it is only in the middle of 17th century that its use spread, particularly in England. In Morocco the first mention of tea dates back to 1700. It was a French merchant, with business co…

Ḥinnāʾ

(825 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, henna (known to botanists as the Lawsonia alba of Lamarck, a name preferable to the L. inarmis of Linnaeus, which corresponds only to the young form of the plant, the adult form being spinosa ), shrub whose leaves possess medical properties and are used as a dye. In Arabic, the word most commonly used is ḥinnāʾ , but in the earlier language there were used other words which, however, were applied also to other dye-producing plants: saffron ( zaʿfarān ), safflower ( ḳurṭum , ʿuṣfur ) and curcuma ( kurkum ); these are yarannā and raḳūn , riḳān , irḳān ; the three last are perhaps connected with yaraḳān…

Maṣmūda

(4,061 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
(the broken plural Maṣāmida is also found), one of the principal Berber ethnic groups forming a branch of the Barānis. If we set aside the Maṣmūda elements mentioned by al-Bakrī in the neighbourhood of Bône, the post-Islamic Maṣmūda seem to have lived exclusively in the western extremity of the Mag̲h̲rib: and as far back as one goes in the history of the interior of Morocco, we find them forming with the Ṣanhād̲j̲a [ q.v.], another group of Barānis Berbers, the main stock of the Berber population of this country. Indeed, from the first Arab conquest in the 1st/7th ce…

Dār al-Ṣināʿa

(1,908 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S. | Cahen, Cl.
(also, but more rarely: Dār al-ṣanʿa ). Etymologically, this compound can be translated “industrial establishment, workshop”. In fact it is always applied to a State workshop: for example, under the Umayyads in Spain to establishments for gold and silver work intended for the sovereign, and for the manufacture and stock-piling of arms. But the sense most widely used is that of “establishment for the construction and equipment of warships”: dār ṣināʿa li-ins̲h̲āʾ al-sufun ; or simply dār al-ins̲h̲āʾ , which also occurs. This does not include the arsen…

Baraka

(324 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
, blessing. In the Ḳurʾān, the word is used only in the plural: barakāt , like raḥma and salām , are sent to man by God. It can be translated by “beneficent force, of divine origin, which causes superabundance in the physical sphere and prosperity and happiness in the psychic order”. Naturally, the text of the Ḳurʾān ( kalāmu-llāh ) is charged with baraka . God can implant an emanation of baraka in the person of his prophets and saints: Muḥammad and his descendants are especially endowed therewith. These sacred personages, in their turn, may communicate the effluvi…

Filāḥa

(13,214 words)

Author(s): Shihabi, Mustafa al- | Colin, G.S. | Lambton, A.K.S. | İnalcık, Halil | Habib, Irfan
, agriculture. Falḥ , the act of cleaving and cutting, when applied to the soil has the meaning of “to break up in order to cultivate”, or “to plough”. Fallāḥ “ploughman”, filāḥa “ploughing”. But from pre-Islamic times the word filāḥa has assumed a wider meaning to denote the occupation of husbandry, agriculture. In this sense it is synonymous with zirāʿa , to which the ancients preferred filāḥa (all the earlier writers called their works on agriculture Kitāb al-Filāḥa ). At the present time this latter word is very widely used in North Africa, both …

D̲j̲azūla

(584 words)

Author(s): Colin, G.S.
Arabic name of a small ancient Berber tribe in south-western Morocco, doubtless related to the Ṣanhād̲j̲a group [ q.v.]. In association with the Lamṭa [ q.v.], their kinsmen, they led a nomadic life south of the Anti-Atlas. But, at quite ¶ an early date, some of them began to settle in the western part of This mountain (D̲j̲abal Hankīsa); their chief settlement was at Tāg̲h̲d̲j̲īzat, now known as Tāg̲h̲d̲j̲īd̲j̲t, 80 km. south-south-east of Tīznīt. It was among them that ʿAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn was born, the originator of the religious and political movement of the Murābiṭūn [ q.v.]. The Ḏj̲azū…

al-Mag̲h̲rib

(29,328 words)

Author(s): Yver, G. | Lévi-Provençal, E. | Colin, G.S.
, al-Mamlaka al-Mag̲h̲ribiyya . a kingdom of North Africa whose name in European languages (Fr. Maroc; Eng. Morocco; Span. Marruecos) is a deformation of the name of the southern metropolis of the kingdom, Marrākus̲h̲ [ q.v.]. 1. Geography . Morocco occupies the western part of Barbary; it corresponds to the Mag̲h̲rib al-Aḳṣā of the Arab geographers [see al-mag̲h̲rib ]. Lying between 5° and 15° W. longitude (Greenwich) on the one hand and between 36° and 28° N. latitude on the other, it covers approximately an area of between 500,000 and 550,000 km2. On the north it is bounded by the …

دبلوماسية

(14,497 words)

Author(s): Björkman, W. | Colin, G. S. | Busse, H. | Reychmann, J. | Zajaczkowski, A.
[English edition] 1. في العربية الكلاسيكية 1.1 الدبلوماسية بلغت الدبلوماسية في الغرب منزلة العلم المستقلّ، ونقف على ما يدل ّ على ذلك في عدد من الكتيّبات القيّمة (مثل ط.2، 1931 لكتيّب هاري برسلو (Harry Bresslau) علم المستندات القديمة لألمانيا وإيطاليا Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien). وأما الدراسات المعتمدة على الوثائق العربية فأقل بكثير، إذ أن المادة متشتّتة جدّا وليست مجمَّعة بالقدر الكافي للسماح ببحث مفصّل. لكن ما فتئ أن أثارت الوثائق العربية الفضول لوقت لا بأس به: فقد أضاف نشر عدد من هذه الوثائق ولا سيّما برديات تع…

المغرب

(23,851 words)

Author(s): Yver, G. | Lévi-Provençal, A. | Colin, G. S.
[English edition] المغرب الأقصى، تقع المملكة المغربية في شمال أفريقيا، وتمثّل تسميتها في اللغات الأوروبية (بالفرنسية: Maroc؛ بالإنڤليزية: Marocco؛ بالإسبانية: Marruecos) تحريفا لاسم المدينة الرئيسية الواقعة جنوبا، وهي مراكش [انظره: Marrākush]. 1. المعطيات الجغرافيّة يحتلّ المغرب الأقصى الجزء الغربي من بلاد البربر؛ وهو ما أطلق عليه الجغرافيون العرب اسم المغرب الأقصى [انظره Al-maghrib]. ويقع المغرب بين خطي طول 5 و15 غرب خط غرينتش من جهة، وبين خطي عرض 36 و28 شمالا من جهة ثانية، ويغطي تقريباً مساحة تقدر بحوالي 500,000 إلى 550,000 كم²، ويحدّه شمالا ال…
▲   Back to top   ▲